Eman

Weekly Journal Week______________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Guide Questions (after the cultivation/internship) 1. What specific superfluous skills have you learned this month? 2. Describe your experiences with regards to guests relation. II Learning Experiences (Realization some the Training) Is your establishment is highly recommended as an avenue of training for the incoming practicumers? ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ triad Evaluation 1. How your internship/training contributed to your personal goals? Did your career goals change as a result of the training? 2.Discuss any special and or additional skills you acquired during your training that you didnt already have. IV Appendices Pictures while on duty with caption & rendering Photocopy of certificates Performance Evaluation Form to fill out by the immediate supervisor/manager (should be properly sealed & trade carry by the practicumer after the training) Timecard (photocopy) Certificate of training (photocopy) Format of periodical Journal (Min of 10 pages, font century gothic 12 fork-like space, Use font 14 for the sub title soft bind) leveling System of Monthly Journal geological formation of thoughts (format, style, technique)10%Content (completeness of information)20% Visual unveiling (pictures, forms)10% Analysis (critical evaluation)20% Recommendation (Feasible courses of action)20% Attitude/Punctuality 10% Neatness (presentation, cleanliness)10% atomic number 6% (Cover Page of Practicum Report) Our Lady of Fatima University College of Hospitality & Institutional Management Quezon City manage WORK EXPERIENCED PROGRAM A Restaurant/Hotel Practicum Report At (Name and Logo of Establishment) (Address) TRAINING PERIOD From Month, accompaniment, Year to Month, Date, Year In partial tone fulfillment of the requirements for the CourseSupervised Work Experience Program For a degree in Bachelor of Science in Hotel & Restaurant Management Submitted By plump Name of Student Address, Contact Number Submitted to Your Practicum Adviser Submitted on Date of Submission (Century Gothis, Double spece 12) Grading System of Monthly Journal Organization (format, style, technique)10% Content (completeness of information)20% Visual Aids (pictures, forms)10% Analysis (critical evaluation)20% Recommendation (Feasible courses of action)20% Punctuality (submission is 1 month after)10% Neatness (presentation, cleanliness)10% 100%

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay

The recent resolve by the government to declargon Telengana as the 29th res publica with 10 districts and Hyderabad as a common Capital has opened a Pandoras Box of similar clamors. Many groups exert stepped up their game demanding for their possess state of matterhood. The government will pick out to ponder many factors before redrawing boundaries and carve up up states. Nationalism has always remained the most controversial creed in the political theory. It cannot be merely defined as the casual connector of people within a territory.It is the sharing of virtually popular beliefs, ascribing a common political identity to its entire people and sharing a common history. In this context the internal outcries for separate statehood cannot be ignored prima facie. Also to a greater extent than and more stifling of these demands will be a call for disaster. These types of internal conflicts have always been a head-ache for governments intercontinental and they are still search ing for a way-out. India is a terra firma lauded for harmony in Diversity and a larger number of minority groups of ethnic, tribal, cultural and social origin exist within the country and have been live harmoniously since Independence.They have been amply protected under our Constitution winning into consideration their capacity to influence the populace so that their voice in addition is eloquently heard in a highly democratic nation like ours. thus far in case they feel subjugated or threatened they have the full right to protest. Their demand for separate statehood comes from the obliviousness they have remained in since cartridge holder immemorial. They feel that a separate main(a) state would give them a better chance of survival, development and in a higher place all better administration.Andhra Pradesh when formed by the union of British-States and princely provinces later Independence was on linguistic basis i. e. they all spoke Telugu. However Jawaharlal Nehru s aid at the time that in case anyone feels uneasy by their counterparts they can ask for dissociation. The plea for Telengana as a separate state had been going on for several years abrogating its ties with coastal Andhra Pradesh and Rayalseema. What triggered the demand was its chronic negligence in developmental schemes for the state.However, stiff opposition has also uprise from the latter regions thereby placing the government in a quandary. The internecine demands for Hyderabad as Capital of the state, by both the regions have exacerbated the situation. It has conclusively served as a bolster to similar demands from other parts of the nation. The Nagas, an ethnic group claims that they have been demanding for a bigger Nagaland by consolidating the Nagas from various Eastern states like Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Assam from time immemorial and hence they should be the first to be considered.The cry for Vidarbha, an supreme state in Maharashtra, Gorkhaland in West Bengal hav e become more ferocious. There has also been a demand to split up the large Uttar Pradesh into four states for better administration-Avadh Pradesh, Purvanchal, Bundelkhand and Paschim Pradesh. The armed conflicts by Kukis, an ethnic group in Manipur is also for their own state. The conflicts ended after signing a rest period of Agreements (SoA) in 2005 by the Indian Army and the Kuki National fellowship and United Peoples Front, the two main parties under whose comprehensive the protests were organized.The Agreement was signed after the promise from Prime Minister to hold conducive talks which is yet to take place. State wide protests and hartaals have already begun in all these states since the announcement for Telengana. However the premise of the job that smaller state means better administration is fallacious in nature. Splitting up of the nation into several small states might pass on in the fact that their voices might be trampled upon. It will take some time until they b ecome really autonomous recovering from the protests and conflicts with a durable economy.In such a scenario a hostile contiguous state sharing its boundary is certainly not conducive. Also it will be only a matter of time for these demands to take on a communal character. That is a price we have already paid for and are suffering from its after impacts even today. The government has to hold many successful talks and discussions with the states concerned and should thoroughly look for all other viable options before hastening into any decision. Therefore taking a holistic mentation and after careful deliberation only the decision to demarcate and redraw boundaries forming more and more states should be taken.

Core & Peripheries

Economic esteem will shift to the ends of the networks, as a result of the decoupling of discussion in a network. Subsequently, companies have realized that they lead to change their focus to the core the back-end discussion that is farthest away from the substance abuser and the periphery the front-end intelligence that is closest to the user. This separation of value to the ends has thus created an fortune for organizations to optimize their business functions around the ends. Common InfrastructureAs in the case of the PC at work, there was a clash between what the users wanted easy-to-use, portable, and pliable at the front-end powerful and reliable at the back-end. In trying to go forth both requirements some necessary design compromises had to be made previously. However, with the decoupling of intelligence in networks the two ends could be separated and a common pedestal provided at the back-end, in the induce of one server in the IT division of the office, while t he front-end intelligence could be made without compromise as vary machines.Similarly, disparate elements within the company can be combined to form make outd infrastructures that are more cost-effective in their specialization. Modularity The mobilization of intelligence is another pattern that has resulted in a trend that has shifted economic value in the network. Sawhney and Parikh (2001) have discovered that the importance of plug-and-play has been established by the posterior modularity of devices, softwares, and processes into self-contained modules that can be assimilated into a new value orbit as needed.Sharing of capabilities is more important in this regard, than safeguarding of proprietary assets. Orchestration With change magnitude modularity, it has become more and more economically valuable for there to be companies and managers that are able to coordinate, organize, and connect the different modules into new value chains. HP and Cisco are such examples of compani es that are seeking to become the innate(predicate) hubs to coordinate their various stakeholders, and are thus reaping the lions share of the value in their respective networks. Conclusion In the words of Sawhney and Parikh (2010, p.79) By learning to recognize two simple patterns in the evolution of networks, you may be able to turn chaos into opportunity. It is the intelligence of the network, more specifically its location and mobility as established by the recent advancements in technology that determines the way that companies organize disparate pieces of information, products, people, and the market, and consequently, how to maximize the inherent value. References Sawhney, M. & Parikh, D. (2001). Where Value Lives in a Networked World. Harvard Business Review, 79, p79-86. Retrieved May 02, 2010, from Harvard Business Review.

Comparative Analysis on Erp Vendors

aim of logical argument and political economy inch University South B difference K507 first-class honours degree step Resource Planning 2008 F every ERP Project Comparative analysis of ERP vendors wear, vaticinator, and Microsoft Koenraad Adams, Eric Piazzoni, and In-Saeng Suh emailprotected com, emailprotected com, emailprotected edu generalisation This is a study of the comparative analysis on the enterprise mental imagerys mean (ERP) vendors, jester, prophet, and Microsoft. We research on functionalities, toll, features, and target commercialise for each vendor. Keywords ERP, blackjack oak, Oracle, Microsoft, SME 1 school solar day of chore and economic science inch University South Bend . Introduction ERP carcass is an integrated nurture system to embody the work within contrasting organizational parts of an enterprise. The leading global providers ar SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft. ERP packages atomic chassis 18 designed to be customizable to concrete ask of an organization and to its legacy systems. The customization of ERP modules for a concrete consumptionr is performed with special tools and using specific or standard schedule languages. Due to already menti singled general ERP characteristics, customization and implementation usually require specialized greetledge and signifi smoket resources.SAP was founded on April 1, 1972, by five IBM employees. It aimed its first crop ( pecuniary accounting software) in close cooperation with its first customer. The company grew ab initio around ERP and solidified its merchandise leadership by being a pioneer in the move from mainframe to client-server computing with its R/3 ERP resolving power introduced in the 1990s. From there, SAP expanded into a much broader set apart of applications for opposite functions in the enterprise customer relationship wariness (CRM), write out chain wariness (SCM), product life-cycle eradicatement (PLM), and supplier relationship focus (SRM) .By bundling and integrating these applications, SAP became known for senior high-quality, comprehensive enterprise solutions, which SAP or SAP-trained SI consultants would then customize. Oracle was founded in 1977 as computer software Development Laboratories. The first Oracle program was written in meeting tell language, ran on PDP-11 and with 128k of memory. The software was never officially released though. Version 2 which was released in 1979 was the first to be released. The company had changed its name by then to comparative software Inc. Business grew and by 1982 they had changed their name again, this time to Oracle and in 1987 the company went public.Today, Oracle remains one of the leaders in the ERP industry. A few of the firsts Oracle brought us are ? The first commercially-available SQL-based database (1979) 2 inform of Business and economics ? ? ? ? ? ? ? atomic reckon 49 University South Bend The first database to stick out symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) (1983) The first distributed database (1986) The first database product tested to keep abreast with the ANSI SQL standard (1993) The first 64-bit database (1995) The first web database (1997) The first proprietary RDBMS to constrain available on Linux (1998) The first database to support XML (1999)Microsoft kinetics AX is a line of stage commercial enterprise eradicatement solutions that provides financial management, business intelligence, homosexual resource management, project management, customer relationship management (CRM), manufacturing, supply chain management solutions, collaborative workspace, and configuration and development. The Information Technology views quadrants Gartner Consulting produces each year as a type of benchmark to see where each provider wads up against their competition. In 2007, Gartner released the quadrant on the left.While many will compete that Gartners methods are too simplistic and dont make up a truly accurate view of what the decisi on makers face, it is still a good place to start when comparing products. Gartner ranks venders in deuce areas, Completeness of flock and Ability to Execute. Using various qualifiers based on the rankings, the solutions are places in one of four quadrants ? Leaders furnish higher on twain criteria the ability to execute and establishedness of wad. typically enlargedr industry developed businesses with vision and potential for expansion 3 School of Business and Economics ?Indiana University South Bend Challengers degree higher the ability to execute and move on the completeness of vision. Typically larger, settled businesses with minimal future plans for that industry ? ? Visionaries s midpoint disappoint on the ability to execute and higher on the completeness of vision. Typically littler companies that are unloading their planned potential Niche players score lower on both criteria the ability to execute and completeness of vision. Typically food foodstuff fledglings I n 2007, both Oracle and SAP were placed towards the bottom of the Challengers Quadrant.This would depict they claim the ability to execute, though maybe not that easily as they are towards the bottom of the quadrant, and they dont seem to dedicate a great pass out of vision. But is that all there is to look at? In this study, we focus on functionalities and features, the essence greet of ownership, and target market of the ERP vendors SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft kinetics. 2. Functionalities and Features 2. 1 SAP R/3 SAP R/3 is a client-server based application, utilizing a 3-tiered model, the presentation layer, the application layer, and the database layer.SAP R/3 is structured using its own proprietary language called ABAP (Advanced Business industry Programming). ABAP, or ABAP/4 is a fourth generation language (4GL), geared towards the creation of simple, yet powerful programs. SAP R/3 similarly offers a complete development surround where developers toilette either metamorphose existing SAP code to modify existing functionality or develop their own functions, whether reports or complete transactional systems within the SAP framework. ABAPs main fundamental interaction with the database system is via Open SQL statements.These statements lay off a developer to query, update, or delete information from the database. Advanced topics let in GUI development and advanced integration with early(a) systems. With the introduction of ABAP Objects, ABAP provides the opportunity to develop applications with object-oriented programming. SAP ERP redefines enterprise resource formulation delivering role-based access to crucial data, 4 School of Business and Economics Indiana University South Bend applications, and analytical tools. With SAP ERP, we asshole efficiently deal with business challenges in the following areas ?End-user supporter delivery Ensure that employees can readily access the critical data, applications, and analytical tools they need to perform all their job functions efficiently and effectively while too supporting a shared- avails organizational model for human resources, finances, and other key processes. SAP ERP offers role-based access, self-services, and employee interaction center support through with(predicate) SAP draw offr Self- serving, SAP Employee Self- inspection and repair, twain and employee interaction center support. Plus, SAP Mobile Time and Travel enables employees in the field to report time and expenses offline. SAP ERP Financials Ensure compliance and predictability of business surgical operation so the organization can gain a deeper financial insight across the enterprise and tighten control of finances. SAP ERP Financials automates financial and management accounting and financial supply chain management. The solution also provides rigorous support for corporate-governance mandates such as Basel II and Sarbanes-Oxley. ? SAP ERP mankind Capital counsel Optimize the HR processes with a complete, integrated, and global human capital management (HCM) solution.SAP ERP provides this HCM solution for organizations of all sizes and in all industries. You can maximize the potential of your workforce, while supporting innovation, growth, and flexibility. The SAP ERP HCM solution automates genius management, core HR processes, and workforce deployment enabling increased efficiency and erupt compliance with changing global and local regulations. ? SAP ERP Operations Manage end-to-end procurement and logistics business processes for complete business cycles from self-service requisitioning to lexible invoicing and pay optimizing the flow of materials. SAP ERP Operations also helps discrete and process manufacturers manage the undefiled life cycle of product development and manufacturing. The solution automates the total manufacturing process and compacts personify by controlling and adapting the 5 School of Business and Economics Indiana University South Bend manufacturing process in reliable time and increases customer satisfaction by delivering higher-quality products. ?SAP ERP Corporate serve Helps organizations manage their most costintensive corporate functions by supporting and streamlining administrative processes in the areas of real estate enterprise assets project portfolios corporate travel environment, health, and guard compliance quality and global trade services. SAP ERP Corporate function is a complete and integrated solution that maximizes transparency and control, while lessen financial and environmental risks and enhancing honorablety of employees. ?Performance management Support the entire life cycle of performance management, delivering real-time, personalized measurements and metrics to improve business insight and decision making. SAP ERP supports financial analytics, operations analytics, and workforce analytics, as well as united financial and statutory report planning, budgeting, and forecasting, outline management and scorecards, and risk management. 2. 2 Oracle An Oracle database system is a platform with at least one application running n it to access and process the data. info is stored logically in the form of knock back spaces and physically in the form of data files. The recommended structure for an Oracle database is the be RAC authentic Application Clusters. Multiple instances, usually on diverse servers, appropriate to a central storage array. This offers better performance, scalability and redundancy for the users. There are various versions of the Oracle database management software. In addition, Oracle divides its product into various editions to track marketing and sales. opening move mutation The full entourage of performance, scalability, security and reliability stored on either a clustered or single server. Runs on all standards and available with a large issuance of applications. ? ? Standard Edition Provides Enterprise level functions for mid-s ized organizations. Sold through Oracles cd Value Added Re loters. Standard Edition One low end stripped five users admittance level package. 6 School of Business and Economics ? ? ? Indiana University South Bend Express Edition primarily intend for students to learn how to code applications for Oracle.It is small, free and his limited capacity. Oracle Personal Edition ? High end? functionality but sold to single-use developers. Oracle Database Lite designed to run on mobile devises. Though this looks like a large number of options, there are really only three straightforward choices and they are based on the size (number of seats) of the organization. Of the other three, 2 are for developers and the other just provides access to database information from a mobile devise. Oracle does, however, offer some other ? flavors? to offer as well.Oracle has grown dramatically mostly through acquisitions. Their product lines include. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? PeopleSoft Enterprise Siebel JD Edwards Hyperion Agile AutoVue Fusion not counting the other products (PeopleSoft, JD Edwards etc. ) Oracle Business Suites alone have over 140 different applications which can be installed on their platform. These include ? Enterprise Performance Management A tool which aides in the executive decision making process by supporting a broad range of strategic, financial and operational management processes. Business functioning Outsourcing an application which seems to work as an extranet and allows organizations track the non-core business processes which have been outsourced. ? guest Relationship Managementtracks what is going on in the sales department. Allows other departments (finance, production) know what they can expect. It will also allow the marketing groups know how effective campaigns have been. 7 School of Business and Economics ? Indiana University South Bend node Self- proceeds Solutionsallow customer place orders themselves without the supplier having to have someone ent er the order.This reduces the risk of order entry errors. Production or warehouse groups receive the order right away(p) and can act on it much quicker so subroutine around takes less time. ? ? Financial Management Solutionsprovides and tracks data for finance operations, governance, risk, compliance, and performance management. Human Capital Management ? tracks all aspects of the Human Capital needs, from core human resource (HR) transactional functionality through service automation and delivery to complete enterprise talent management solutions.? 1 It provides the needed resources and has proven to reduce the costs. ? Procurement Insures that the supply chain stays on top of productions needs and maintains the most cost effective method of doing so. Project Managementmaintains express of current projects statuses and communicates with those needing the information in order to insure projects are go on as they should. ? loony toons Suiteinsures shipments happen upon their destination as well as, ? lowers transportation costs, improves customer service and asset utilization, and provides flexible, global fulfillment options.? 2 These are just a handful of the applications available.Essentially, whatever the need, Oracle has a way to meet it. 2. 3 Microsoft Dynamics Financial Management Microsoft Dynamics AX accounting and finance solutions help you track and analyze business information. You can easily manage your general ledger, payables, receivables, blood, sales process, purchasing, analytical accounting, funds flow, bank reconciliations, fixed assets, and collections. 1 Human Capital Management Solutions. Oracle, The Worlds Largest Enterprise computer software club. 19 Nov. 2008 . 2 Transportation Management. Oracle, The Worlds Largest Enterprise Software Company. 9 Nov. 2008 . 8 School of Business and Economics Business Intelligence and reportage Indiana University South Bend Microsoft Dynamics allows you to manage budgets, create and conso lidate reports and look for trends and relationships in any part of the business. Human Resource Management Microsoft Dynamics allows the management of applicant and employee information payroll and benefits, skills mapping, recruitment and employee registration, and skills development. In addition the system helps you ensure your organization is meeting government reporting requirements accurately and on time.Project Management Project management and accounting applications allow project managers, accountants and executives to improve their project profitability and adapt to changing conditions. In addition manage resources, forecast costs and budgets, track time, and expenses. Lastly, manage contracts and billing. Customer Relationship Management Customer relationship management solutions enable management of customer groups, create and launch marketing campaigns, track customer activity, manage sales and after sales.It also enables automation of many day to day tasks for sales, c ustomer service, field service, call center, and marketing professionals. Manufacturing It provides an integrated suite of manufacturing applications that employ you the tools to plan, manage, and execute a top of the line manufacturing operation. The manufacturing process consists of product configuration, plan and shop floor, and supply and capacity requirements planning. Supply Chain Management This improves inventory management, management of single or multi-site warehouses, demand planning, order processing, and online collaboration with suppliers.Collaborative Workspace This extends the reach of business applications, information and process to employees, customers, and partners with role based delivery through a single web-based portal. Configuration and Development 9 School of Business and Economics Indiana University South Bend Customization capabilities enable programmers and system administrators to add new functionality and modify existing functionality quickly and wit h limited coding. 3. The total cost of ERP ownership gist cost of ownership (TCO) is a significant grammatical constituent in ERP strategies and decisions.Yet while both end-users and ERP vendors tend to talk about lower TCO and many vendors claim it as a point of differentiation. Three different elements of total cost associated with ERP implementations are actually important ? ? ? Amount worn-out(a) on software Amount spent of external services internal costs Since as the company grows, the number of users goes up, along with the total cost of software and services, one can naturally expect a correlational statistics between size of the ERP deployment and costs. As shown in Table 1, as the number of users goes up, the total cost of software and services also rises.Table 1 come Software and Services cost by Company Size Company Size Under $50M $50M $100M $100M $250M $250M $500M $500M $1B $1B $5B Over $5B fairish of Users 38 92 195 344 475 2187 3365 mean(a) Software $1 76,597 $482,941 $695,395 $985,714 $1,364,286 $2,360,577 $2,652,500 median(a) Service $126,022 $351,374 $581,090 $655,263 $1,110,000 $2,081,000 $2,102,778 Average 3 years upkeep $81,676 $247,554 $443,066 $346,639 $617,735 $1,479,208 $1,163,531 Average total cost $384,295 $1,081,869 $1,719,551 $1,987,616 $3,092,021 $5,920,785 $5,918,809Source Aberdeen Group, July 2007 Table 2 displays software and service costs by vendor, since the ratio of services to software costs is fact mood of both ease of use and ease of implementation. We just adopted a few major vendors, Infor, Lawson, QAD, SAP and Oracle. Table 2 Software and Service be by Vendor 10 School of Business and Economics ERP vendor Infor Lawson QAD SAP Oracle Average Software $703,261 $482,500 $633,871 $1,276,667 $1,929,167 Average Service $494,444 $455,556 $463,158 $1,115,323 $1,694,231Indiana University South Bend Average of ERP modules 11. 0 10. 8 10. 2 11. 9 11. 5 Average Software + Service per user $9,843 $10,521 $9,741 $11,381 $16,882 Average total costs per user $12,773 $11,826 $12,161 $15,067 $20,983 Source Aberdeen Group, July 2007 Functionality and TCO remain significant factors on ERP strategies and decisions. The discernment and breadth of functionality deployed, along with the cost of software, services, and on-going maintenance combine to provide a price performance of ERP.Table 3 shows the ERP usage and total cost per user per percentage Point of functionality used by three vendors, SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics. Table 3 ERP Usage and Costs per User per Percentage of Functionality Used ERP Vendor SAP Oracle Microsoft Dynamics Average of Modules Used 12. 4 11. 3 10. 6 Average % of Functionality Used 69. 1% 72. 4% 73. 2% Average of Users 834 1365 116 Software + Service + 3 Yrs Maint. $702 $513 $607 Source Aberdeen Group, July 2007Cost Areas of Microsoft Dynamics AX The initial honest evidence price per user for Microsoft Dynamics AX is $3,000. According to marrow Research, Inc t he comely initial license price for a Microsoft Dynamics AX customer was $571,234 with a low of $50,000 and a high of $2. 55 million. The consulting average consumption for Microsoft Dynamics AX deployment was $1,169,745 with a low of $50,000 and a high of $6. 8million. The median expenditure for consulting was $600,000.Pertaining to those customers that made hardware investment, the average hardware costs were $180,188 while the median cost was $84,750 (Nucleus Research, 7). Those companies that invested in the internal effect for deployment and 11 School of Business and Economics Indiana University South Bend current support for the ERP solution the average military force costs were $346,667 and the average annual ongoing cost was $192,000. Lastly, formulation costs on average were $141,375 with one hundred and ninety-five users, twenty-nine hours of preparedness time at a cost of $25 per hour. Table 1.The Average 3-Year Cost of an Microsoft Dynamics AX Deployment Average $ 571,234 $1,169,745 $180,188 Data Components Average initial license price Average standalone consulting expenditure of customers interviewed Average hardware expenditure of customers interviewed Average number of personnel needed to deploy4 Average time of deployment13 months faux full loaded cost of an employee$80,000 Average number of users 195 Average gentility time 29 hours Assumed in full loaded hourly cost of an end user $25 Average initial cost of deployment Average maintenance rate 16% Average initial license price.Average number of FTEs required to support Microsoft Dynamics AX 2. 4 Assumed fully loaded cost of a support FTE$80,000 Average 3-year costs of software, consulting, hardware, personnel, training and maintenance. Software Consulting Hardware Personnel $346,667 Training Total Ongoing Costs Software maintenance Personnel $141,375 $2,409,207 $274,192 $576,000 Total 3-Year Cost $3,259,399 Table 2.The medial 3-Year Cost of an Microsoft Dynamics AX Deployment Initia l Costs Average Data Components Software $168,000 median(a) initial license price Median standalone consulting Consulting $600,000 expenditure of customers interviewed Median hardware expenditure of Hardware $84,750 customers interviewed Median number of personnel needed Personnel $220,000 to deploy3 Average time of deployment11 12 School of Business and EconomicsIndiana University South Bend months Assumed fully loaded cost of an employee$80,000 Median number of users 120 Median training time 24 hours Assumed fully loaded hourly cost of an end user $25 Median initial cost of deployment Median annual cost of license 15% Median initial license price $168,000 Median number of FTEs required to support Microsoft Dynamics AX 1. 25 Assumed fully loaded cost of a support FTE$80,000 Median 3-year costs of software, consulting, hardware, personnel, training and maintenance. Training Total Ongoing Costs Software maintenance 72,000 $1,144,750 $75,600 Personnel $300,000 Total 3-Year Cost $1,26 9,950 3. Target market SAP serves 75% of the Fortune Global 1000, but less than 1% of Fortune Global million. The small and medium enterprise (SME) market is a huge opportunity. SAP views SMEs as its main potential source of growth. As of summer 2006, SAP led the midmarket segment, but to reach its goal of having 45% 50% of order entry from SME customers by 2010, SAP has to address the two most important elements of an SME solution Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and ease-of-use.SAPs offering has higher up-front outlays but lower maintenance rates. SAP acutely expands SME market via the SAP NetWeaver platform strategy toward the goal of doubling SAPs market cap by 2010. It would probably be safe to say Oracle targets anyone interested in purchasing an ERP solution. That wouldnt be entirely accurate. Its obvious that Oracle has achieved its success by building for the large Enterprise organizations but theyve also been successful delinquent to their focus on their platform.Enterpris e solutions will probably remain a fix target for them. However, if you look at the products they are now producing making it easier for smaller organizations to get introduced to their product, its an obvious sign they are seeking more small to medium businesses in their portfolio. The 13 School of Business and Economics Indiana University South Bend Standard Edition One with a price of $180 per user is a sign of that. They also have a suite of ? out of the box applications ready to bolt on once the server is in place.Get the business used to the Oracle environment when they are small at a competitive price, then sell more licenses as your software helps them grow seems to be their motto. I cant say thats a bad one. At the end of the day, selecting the best solution comes down to preference. Obviously, each solution has strengths and weaknesses. But how do you select a solution when one provider is strong in one area you need while another is strong in another? Additionally, ther e are more solutions coming on the scene.Smaller companies who may be able to provide a different type of service than what the biggest players offer. Another solution many will consider in the future, peculiarly with the current economic situation, is the growing Software as a Service trend. 3 SAP has already got a jump on the market with their ByDesign solution. At the end of the day, it will have to come down to what solution works best for the business making the choice. 3 Maxcer, Chris. Is SaaS ERP a viable model for manufacturing? Manufacturing ERP software and management SearchManufacturingERP. om. 9 Sep. 2008. 23 Nov. 2008 14 School of Business and Economics Indiana University South Bend References Bit on Gartners witching(prenominal) Quadrants and 2007 report for ERP Vendors OracleApps Epicenter. 11 Nov. 2008 . Compare ERP System/ERP Software Solutions. Technology Evaluation Centers. 12 Nov. 2008 . Farber, Dan. Disruptions in the software fabric. Builder AU By devel opers for developers. 25 Nov. 2008 . Gartner Consulting Web Site.. Gartner Consulting. 20 Nov. 2008 . Greenbaum, Joshua. SAP beats Oracle? Oracle surrounding SAP?Microsoft raking in new customers?. ZDNet Blogs. 20 July 2007. 25 Nov. 2008 . Hagiu, Andrei, Pai-Ling Yin, Daniela Beyersdorfer, and Vincent Dessain. SAP Industry Transformation . Harvard Business Journal N/A (2006) 28p. Human Capital Management Solutions. Oracle, The Worlds Largest Enterprise Software Company. 19 Nov. 2008 . Jutras, Cindy. ?The Total Cost of ERP Ownership. Aberdeen Group. 17 Oct. 2006. 10 Nov. 2008 . Jutras, Cindy. Aberdeen Group The Cost of ERP Functionality. Aberdeen Group. 12 July 2007. 10 Nov. 2008 . Jutras, Cindy. The Total Cost of ERP Ownership in Mid-Size Companies. Aberdeen Group. 12 July 2007. 10 Nov. 2008 . Magic Quadrant for ERP Service Providers, North America, 2007. Gartner Custom Newsletter Programs. 11 Nov. 2008 . 15 School of Business and Economics Indiana University South Bend Maxc er, Chris. Is SaaS ERP a viable model for manufacturing? Manufacturing ERP software and management SearchManufacturingERP. com. 9 Sep. 2008. 23 Nov. 2008 Microsoft Dynamics Business management, financial and accounting software solutions (ERP, enterprise resource management). Microsoft Corporation. 25 Nov. 2008 . Oracle ERP Benefits and Disadvantages. ITtoolbox Oracle Knowledge Base. 13 Nov. 2008 . Samuals, Mark. Making best use of Gartners reports 17 Apr 2008 Computing. Insight for IT leaders business technology news, analysis, reviews and jobs Computing. 12 Nov. 2008 . The Real ROI from Microsoft Dynamics AX Nucleus Research. ROI Reports, ROI Case Studies, ROI Tools Nucleus Research. 25 Nov. 2008 . Transportation Management. Oracle, The Worlds Largest Enterprise Software Company. 19 Nov. 2008 . 16

Spectroscopic Determination of Iron with Phenanthroline

Experiment A Spectroscopic determination of Iron with Phenanthroline unfamiliar 2 Mass of Mohrs Salt 0. 2040 1. 5mL of 6M acetic acid was measured and transferred into a 100mL volumetric flaskful with a pipette and diluted to the mark. denseness= 0. 2040(0. 0001)g/100(0. 08)mL*(1mol/392. 16g)/(1L/1000mL) = 0. 005202(0. 09382%) = 0. 005202(0. 000005)mol/L 2. 10mL of the above air solution was transferred to a 250 mL volumetric flask and diluted to the mark. Concentration= 0. 005202(0. 9382%)mol/L*10(0. 02)mL/250(0. 12mL) = 0. 00020808(0. 22607%) = 0. 00020808(0. 0000005)mol/L 3. Standard error of burette is 0. 02mL in every reading. firmness of purpose Desired Volume Absorption 1 Absorption 2 norm Absorption Standard 1 30 0. 662 0. 664 0. 662 Standard 2 25 0. 544 0. 546 0. 545 Standard 3 20 0. 43 0. 434 0. 432 Standard 4 15 0. 317 0. 309 0. 313 Standard 5 10 0. 222 0. 217 0. 2195 Standard 6 5 0. 113 0. 112 0. 1125 Unknown 1 0. 096 Unknown 2 4.Sample exemplar concentratio n calculation with standard 1, Concentration= 30(0. 02)mL/100(0. 08)mL*0. 00020808(0. 0000005)mol/L = 0. 000062424(0. 2807%) = 0. 000062424(0. 0000002) 5. From the Calibration curve of Absorbance Vs Concentration, we know the equation of the graph is y = 10553. 63(190. 5558)x 0. 00363(0. 007721) Where, y is the absorbance and x is the concentration. We know the absorbance of the unknown is 0. 096. Therefore, 0. 096 = 10553. 63(190. 5558)x 0. 00363(0. 007721) x= 0. 096+0. 00363(0. 07721)/ 10553. 63(190. 5558) = 0. 00000944(7. 957%) = 0. 0000094(0. 0000008) 6. Standard Concentrations Uncertainties bonnie Absorbencies 0. 000062424 0. 0000002 0. 662 0. 00005202 0. 00000013 0. 545 0. 000041616 0. 000000108 0. 432 0. 000031212 0. 00000007 0. 313 0. 000020808 0. 00000006 0. 2195 0. 000010404 0. 00000005 0. 1125 SUMMARY OUTPUT Column1 Regression Statistics Multiple R 0. 999348603 R hearty 0. 99869763 Adjusted R Square 0. 998372037 Standard Error 0. 008293572 Observations 6analysis of v ariance Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5 df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 0. 2109807 0. 2109807 3067. 32299 6. 3634E-07 residue 4 0. 000275133 6. 8783E-05 Total 5 0. 211255833 Column1 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value dismantle 95% Upper 95% Lower 95. 0% Upper 95. 0% Intercept -0. 003633333 0. 007720895 -0. 4705845 0. 66245106 -0. 025069975 0. 017803308 -0. 025069975 0. 017803308 X Variable 1 10553. 63322 190. 5558304 55. 3834181 6. 3634E-07 10024. 56542 11082. 0102 10024. 56542 11082. 70102 7. Isobestic point is a limited wavelength at which two chemical species have the same molar absorptivity. A pair of substances can have several isobestic points in their spectra. In a 1-to-1 chemical reaction that involves a pair of substances with an isobestic point, as long as the sum of the concentrations of the two molecular entities in the solution is held constant on that point will be no change in absorbance at this wavelength as the ratio of the concentra tions of the two entities are varied.This is because the two substances absorb light of that limited wavelength to the same extent. We do non observe any isobestic point in this experiment because we did not scan by dint of the entire spectrum but earlier chose a wavelength at which the species have different molar absorptivity. Besides, if we were working with an isobestic point, we would not be able to obtain changes in absorption with changing ratios of concentrations. 8. transmittance is the ratio of the radiation f everying upon a material, to the radiation transmitted through a material.Absorbance is negative logarithm of transmittance. Molar absorptivity is a mensuration of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a give wavelength. From Beers law we know that, A=? bc. Therefore the absorbance is proportional to the concentration. 9. A solution of Fe34- would show a violet-blue color at an absorbance maximal of 562. And if the absorbance maximum were 414, a gr een-yellow color would be observed. The spectra for absorbance maximum 562 are sketched in the sideline The spectra for absorbance maximum 414 are sketched in the following 10.There could be instrument link up sources of error. Stray light could be a problem since the detector responds to all the light that reaches it. In liquids, the extinction coefficient usually changes slowly with wavelength, which could add to the manageable errors. There could be errors from the measurement uncertainty of the results. There could also be errors while preparations of the standards, due to presence of impurities in the apparatus which may carry to discrepancy in the calculation of the concentration. 11. Van De Water, Leon G. A Jaap A. Bergwerff, T.Alexander Nijhuis. UV-Vis Microspectroscopy Probing the sign Stages of Supported Metal Oxide Catalyst Preparation. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2005, 127(14), pp 5-24-2025. academician Search Premier. EBSCO host. University of Minnesota Lib. correspond Citi es. Minneapolis. MN. 05/02/12. In this article UV-Vis microscopy is used to monitor macro distribution and speciation of the particle accelerator precursor species. Through this experiment more detailed information on the structure-function correlation of the catalytic material is obtained. Koeppet, Benjamin Tolstoy, Peter M Limbach, Hans-Heinrich.Reaction Pathways of Proton reassign in Hydrogen-Bonded Phenol Carboxylate Complexes Explored by Combined UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 113(20), pp7897-7908. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO host. University of Minnesota Lib. Twin Cities. Minneapolis. MN. 05/02/12. In this article better cleverness about the tautomeric states of the H bonded anions, and the solvent configurations were obtained from UV-vis time scale. The UV-vis absorptions were broadened inhomogeneously because of distribution of the H-bond geometries from the different solvents.

Routing Protocol

1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Whatis computing machine Ne iirk? The groupofcomputers and devices linked by communication channels bothowing rehearsers to fortune ascertaining, data, softw ar and hardw ar with further usancers is meant to be computer meshwork. Network communications communications communications protocols boundary hardwargon as well as package comp unrivalednessnts of entanglement. Two or morecomputers atomic number 18 saidto beina mesh topology if and only if they atomic number 18 committedmutuallyand beableto commune. Computers be affiliated to a cyberspace by the use of allthe ports i. e. , analogue ports, modem ports, Ethernet ports, serial ports, USB ports, fire wire ports and m some(prenominal) more in one and only(a) or more delegacy.But Ethernet port is the virtually broadly use portsfor cyberspaceing. Hosts, halt stations or workstations ar referred while talkingwell-nigh earningss. Anything tietothe intercommunicateincluding hubs, bridges, switches, routers,access points, firewalls, workstations, servers, mainframes, printers, s mountainners, copiers, fax machinesand more argon include under Host or end stations . Computers atomic number 18 connected in a meshwork for sharing of softw be and hardw be re germs, study and data as well as smooth the progress of communication. 1. 2 TCP/IP Layered architecture physical body TCP/IP Layeredarchitecture The next arethe layersofthe TCP/IParchitecture Application Layer In theapplication layer Simple get away Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) uses protocolfor network communication. Application layer protocolsare mostofttimeslinked with client-serverapplications. direct Layer End-to-end message transfer capability, flow tame, error control and fragmentation and so forthare providedby the transport layer. The transport layer ensures source to name and breed delivery of megabuckss safely and reliably.The service through which applications are co nnectedtogether viathe useof ports is provided by transport layer. Network Layer Packets are logically transmitted overthe entire network in the OSIs Network layer. Hosts addressing by assigningtheman IPaddressand piece of ground routing among binary networks are handled in this layer. This layer is concerned with routing data end to end message delivery etc. Interface Layer The data flip-flop betweenthe hostandthe network are monitored by theinterface layer. The protocols for visible transmissionof data is defined by Interface Layer . 1. 3Autonomous t accomplishkIP networksand routers collection underthe controlof one entity representing a common routing policy is called anAutonomous System. severallyAS begin a uniqueAS minutefor usein routing. Each network is uniquely identified onthe meshwork by ASN. IANA (Internet assign Numbersauthority) assign AS numbersand supplyto Regional profits Registries (RIRs)in blocks. Autonomous System foundation be dividedinto sightseerlet c ategories MultihomedAutonomous System Connectionsto more than oneAS is maintained by a MultihomedAS. Stubautonomous System Connectionto only one otherAS is Stubautonomous System.Transitautonomous SystemConnections through itselfto separate networks are provided by Transitautonomous System. 1. 4 Routing The methodof selecting elbow roomsina network via whichto send data is meant to be routing. The processof findinga racecourseway froma sendertoa desired name and address is also said to be routing. The telephone network,theinternetand transport networks, etc perform routing. Network Layerof either TCP/IP layered model orthe OSI (Open Systeminterconnect) Reference model in the main carry out routing. The logicallyaddressed software packages are passed fromtheir sourceto destination viaintermediary thickeners i. e. orwarding is directed by routing. Routing tasks are performed by routers. Routing and packet boat ship is performed by ordinarycomputers available with sextuple netw ork cards in a limited manner. Forwarding is directed by the routing process onthe basisof routing tables where routing record to different network destinations are maintained. In raise to vex efficient routing, construction of routing table heldinthe routers memory is most necessary thing. Only one network road are frequently utilize by routingalgorithmic programic programs ata time, butthe useof multiplealternative paths is made possible by multi-path routing techniques.Following are the fibersof routing delivery semantics Unicast A message is delivered toa single specified node by router. haoma of speech Unicasting Broadcast A message is deliveredtoall nodesinthe network by router. Fig Broadcasting Multicast A message is deliveredto assemblyof nodes that get down expressedinterestin acquiringthe message by router. Fig Multicasting Anycast A message is deliveredto either one outofa come downof nodes, typicallythe one undermentionedtothe source. Figanycasting 2. TYPESOF R OUTING Following are the typesof Routing mechanisms. Theyare Static Routing propellent Routing 2. Static Routing The processby which routes can be manually entered into the routing table with the help of a configuration file which scads automatically as soon as router starts is called static routing. Networkadministrator, who configures the routes, can enter these routes as an option. Thus static routes mean the routes that can non be counterchanged (excepta mortal changesthem) after their configuration. The simplesttypeof routing is static routing. In case of change of routing discipline often or configuration on a huge number of routing devices (router) it doesnt work fine as it is a manual process.The outages or down connections are non handled properly by static routing becausemanually configured route must be reconfigured physically in pastureto fix or renovateany lost connectivity. 2. 2 Dynamic Routing Network destinations are discovered dynamicallyby government agency of softwareapplications called Dynamic routing protocols. A routing table is created and managed by routerin Dynamic Routing. Firstly, a router will learn routestothe directly connected entire networks. It willthen learn routes from other routers using the same routing protocol.One or more better(p) routes are selected from the enumerate of routes for each and each network destination by router. Best route knowledge are distributedto other routers runningthe same routing protocol by Dynamic protocols, distributingthein stageion on what networks it subsistand can be reached. This provide dynamic routing protocolsthecapabilitytoget utilise to logical networktopology changes, equipment failures or network outages onthe fly. 2. 3 Typesof Dynamic Routing remoteness-Vector Routing Paths are calculated using Bellman Ford Algorithm bya blank space-transmitter routing protocol. bloodlinev1and 2and IGRP (Interior entrance Routing Protocol) are examplesof infinite-vector routing protoc ols. Earlier, distance vector protocols such as RIPv1 show classful behavior but newer distance vector protocols suchas RIPv2and Enhancedinterior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) show signs of classless(prenominal) behavior. outdistance-vector routing protocols boomingand competentin small networks Deprived convergence properties Facilitate inthe growthof more complex but more scalable link-state routing protocolsfor usein large networks. Periodic copiesofa routing table are passed from routerto router by distance vector routingalgorithms. Logical broadcast is the most commonly usedaddressing scheme. Periodic modifys are sent by routers runninga distance vector routing protocol even ifthereare no changesinthe network. Complete routing table is included underthe periodic routing update in a pure distance vector environment. All known routes can be verified and changes can be madeby gettinga dwells complete routing table base on simplifiedin data stageion also called as ro uting by rumor. Fig Distance Vector RoutingPeriodic routing updates are fitd from router A to router B inthe figure. Distance vector metric (suchas skip over count) are added by Router B to each route learned from router A,risingthe distance vector. Its own routing tablesare passed to its neighbor, router C. This process evanescesbetween directly connected neighbor routers inall directions. The chief purposeisto decidethe top routetocontaininthe table when the routing table is updated bya routing protocolalgorithm. Different routing metric is used to determinethe best route by each distance vector routing protocol.Metric valueis generated for each path through network by thealgorithm. Usually, the path is better if metric is smaller. private characteristicofa path helps in calculation of metrics and confederacy of several path characteristics helps in calculation of more complex metrics. The most commonly usedmetrics used by distance vector routing protocols are Hop Count Pack ets numberof passages passimthe product portof one router Bandwidth Links data energy Delay Time necessaryto shifta packet from beginning placeto destination.Load work load onrouter or link. dependability each network linkbit error rate maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)the utmost message extentin octets copasetictoall links onthe path. Link- advance Routing Packet-switched networks use link-state routing protocolfor computer communications. OSPFandIS-IS are its examples. Atopological database is built by the help of link-state routing that describes extrapreciseinter-network routes. lifesize networks use link state routing protocols and now used by most of the organization and ISP.Router performs the link-state protocol inthe network. A mapofthe connectivityofthe network is constructed by either node in the form of graph showing node connection to other node is the basic conceptof link-state routing. The best next hop is calculated by each nodeindependently for every possible destinationinthe network. The routing table for the node is formed bythe collectionof best next hops. Fig Link-State Routing To find outthe shortest path from itselfto every other nodeinthe network analgorithm is run by each nodeindependently overthe map.OSPF, EIGRP and Novells NLSP (NetWare Link State Protocol) are the examples of link state routing protocol. IPX is only supported by Novells NLSP. A partial mapofthe network is maintained by each router in this typeof routing protocol. Link stateadvertisement (LSA)is flooded throughoutthe network whena network link changes state (upto down, or vice versa). The changes are noted and routes are re-computed by allthe routersaccordingly. Greater flexibilityand sophistry are provided by Link State Routing protocols thanthe Distance Vector routing protocols. general broadcast traffic is reducedand better closes are made approximately routing by winning characteristics suchas bandwidth, delay, reliability,and loadinto consideration,ins teadof takingtheir decisions only on hop count. 3. ROUTINGALGORITHMS 3. 1 Bellman-FordAlgorithm Also called as Label Correctingalgorithm Used for negative molding weight equivalent as Dijkstrasalgorithm In order to maintain distance tables, this algorithm is used by router Exchanging entropy withthe neighboring nodes help to update information in the distance table All nodesin the network is represented by the numberof datainthe table The directlyattached neighbors are represented by the columnsof table and all destinationsinthe network are represented by the row. The numberof hops, latency,the numberof outgoing packets, etc. are measurements in this algorithm. 3. 2 DijkstrasAlgorithm Edsger Dijkstraconceived Dijkstrasalgorithm broadly used for routing Is a graph search algorithm The single-source shortest path troublefora graph is solved by this algorithm with non negative edge path costs The shortest path head is produced as a output Helps in finding shortest ro ute from one router to other A shortest-path spanning point having route to all possible destinationis built by this algorithm for router The router usingthealgorithmisthe sourceof its shortest-path spanning tree 4. ROUTING PROTOCOLS Routing protocol describe the way of communication between routers which helps in the selection of routes between any two nodes on a network. Usually, cognition of immediate neighbors is known by each router. Thisinformation is shared bya routing protocol to have routers the knowledgeofthe networktopology. Most commonly used Routing protocols are as follows 4. RIP (Routinginformation Protocol) dynamicinter-network routing protocol used in private network routes are automatically discovered routing tables are built a Distance-Vector routing protocol uses Bellman-Fordalgorithm 15 hops areallowed with RIP 180 entropy is the hold down time Full updates are transmitted every 30 sec by each RIP router Works at network layer Prevent routing loop s Hop limit incorrect routinginformation are forecloseed from being propagated easy configuration no parameter postulate Two indicationsof RIP are as follows RIPv1 classful routing is used subnet information is not carried by periodic routing updates no support for VLSM (variable length subnet masks) Same network class have different sized subnet by the use of RIPv1 No router enfranchisement Broadcast based and 15 is the maximum hop count A RIPv1 packetformatis shown below picFig RIP packetformat Commanddetermine whetherthe packetisa implore ora response. A router sendall or partof its routing table is asked bythe request. Replytoa request or regular routing update means the response. Routing table entries are contained in responses. Version number RIP version used is specified.Potentiallyincompatible versions can be signaled by this field. naught RFC 1058 RIP doesnt use this field it wasadded to have backward compatibility provided to pre-standard varietiesof RIP. direct family identifier (AFI) Theaddress family used is specified. Address-family identifier is contained ineach doorwaytospecifythe syndicateofaddress being dilate. TheAFIfor IPis 2. Address The IPaddress is particularizedforthe entry. MetricThe number of inter-network hops traversedinthe triptothe destination is indicated. 1and 15foran applicable route, or 16foran standoffish route. RIPv2 Developedin 1994 Classlessinter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is supported Subnetinformation can be carried Addition of MD5authentication and Rudimentary plain textauthentication for the security of routing updates. Routing updates are multicast to 224. 0. 0. 9 15 is the maximum hop count A RIPv2 packetformat is shown below pic Fig RIPv2 packetformat Commanddetermine whetherthe packetisa request ora response. A router sendall or partof its routing table is asked bythe request. Replytoa request or regular routing update means the response. Routing table entries are contained in responses.Version number RIP version used is specified. Unused set is the value set. Address-family identifier (AFI)Theaddress family used is specified. assay-markinformation is contained in the death of the entry iftheAFIforthe initial entryis 0xFFFF inthe message. At present,simple word of honor is the onlyauthentication type. Route tag The methodology is providedfor distinguishing between intimate routes (learned by RIP)and external routes (learned from other protocols). IPaddress IPaddress is particularizedforthe entry. Subnet maskThe subnet mask is containedforthe entry.No subnet mask has been particularizedforthe entry if this fieldis zero. Next hop The IPaddressofthe next hop is indicatedto which packetsforthe entry should beforwarded. MetricThe number of inter-network hops traversedinthe triptothe destination is indicated. 1and 15foran applicable route, or 16foran unapproachable route. 4. 2 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) A Link-State protocol usedfor routing between routers betoa sing leautonomous system link-state technology is used information close tothe direct connectionsand links is communicated between the routers Identical database is maintained by each OSPF router for the description of theautonomous Systemstopology deliberateness of a routing table by the construction of a shortest- path tree from this database. Routes are quickly recalculated in the face of topological changes equal-cost multi-path are supported corroboration of all OSPF routing protocol exchanges Designed for TCP/IP environment routing updates authentication IP multicast are utilized in sending/receivingthe updates routes IP packets based exclusively onthe target IPaddress originateinthe IP packet header Grouping of sets of networks IP subnets are flexibly configured Destinationand mask is available to the route distributed by OSPF The sideline figure showsthe packetformat used by OSPF picFig OSPF packetformat Version numberthe OSPF version used is specified. Typethe OSP F packet type is identifiedas oneofthe following Hello neighbor relationships are established and maintained. Database descriptionthe contentsofthetopological database are described. Link-state request piecesofthetopological database are pass on from neighbor routers.Link-state updatea link-state request packet is responded. Link-stateacknowledgment link-state update packets are acknowledged. Packet lengththe packet length,the OSPF header is specified. Router ID the sourceofthe packet is identified. Area ID Thearea of packet is identified. All OSPF packetsarelinked witha singlearea. Checksumthe complete packet contents are checkedforany harm sufferedin travel. credential typetheauthentication type is contained. Authentication ofall OSPF protocol exchanges. Configuration of theauthentication type on per-area basis.Authentication authenticationinformation is contained. Data encapsulated upper-layerinformation is contained. 5. WORKING 5. 1 Distance Vector Routing The following method s showthe overall working(a)ofthe Distance-Vector Routing . There is no predefined route i. e. entire route for a particular destination is not known to any router. The port to send out a unicast packet is known by each router on the basis of destination address. progressively the route is made and there is the formation of the route by the region of each router when it receives the packet.The optimal tree is not predefined in DVRP actually. No routers have knowledge for making an optimal tree. Slowly and gradually the tree is made. The tree is formed as soon as a router receives a packet it is forwarded by router through some of the ports, on the basis of source address. different down-stream routers make the rest of the tree. The formation of the loops must be proceeded by this protocol. Duplications are also prevented in order to make the entire network receive only one copy. In addition to this, the shortest path from source to the destination is the path travelled by a cop y.Inconsistencies occurring with Distance-Vector Routing Incorrect routing entries are caused by slowinter-network convergence which may bring inconsistencies maintaining routing information. .The following example describes howinconsistencies occurin Distance-Vector routing The entire figure describes the inconsistencies occurring with Distance-Vector Routing. Defininga maximumto prevent counttoinfinity . With thisapproach,the routing table update loop is permitted by routing protocol untilthe metric exceeds its maximumallowed value. Fig Defininga maximumto prevent counttoinfinity 6 hops are defined as the maximumallowed value. Whenthe metric value exceeds 16 hops, we cannot reach network 10. 4. 0. 0 Routing Loopsin Distance-Vector Routing A routing loop is said to be occurred if two or more routers havefalse routinginformationrepresenting thata applicable pathtoan unapproachable destination exists via other routers. Fig Routing Loop Solutionsto eliminate routing loops class horiz onThe information is not sent in the direction from where passe-partout information comes. The split horizon function is illustrated by the following figureFig Split Horizon Route intoxicationRouting loops are eliminated. The following figure providesan exampleof Route Poisoning Fig Route Poisoning Inadditionto split horizon, route poisoningand holddown timers, poison reverse, holddown timersand triggered updatesare other methodsto eliminate routing loops. 5. 2 Link-State Routing The following methods showthe overall workingof Link-State Routing. Gathering of the neighborinformation continuously. Router answering to this protocol are broadcasted the list of neighborinformation, process knownas flooding.Soon, thisinformation is distributed to all routers onthe network. Flooding of the neighborinformation in caseofa (routing- noteworthy) changeinthe network. The best path can be calculated to any host on any destination network as everything closethe network is known by every router . 6. ADVANTAGESAND DISADVANTAGES Distance-Vector Routing Advantagesof Distance-Vector Routing simpleand flat network No special hierarchical design is undeniable. Implementation of hub-and-spoke networks No concern for worst-case convergence timesina network less memoryand processing power usageDisadvantagesof Distance-Vector Routing Incorrect routing entries create inconsistencies in maintainingthe routinginformation Rise of a condition counttoinfinity accompaniment of a routing loop Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) or top-notch netting is not supported multi-vendor routing environment is not supported Link-State Routing Advantagesof Link-State Routing Paths are chosen via network by the use of cost metrics changesinthe networktopology are reported toall routersinthe network quickly fast convergence times No occurrence of routing loops routing decisions are based on the most recent setofinformation Link-State protocols use cost metricsto choose paths thoughth e network. The cost metric reflectsthe energyofthe links on those paths. Disadvantagesof Link-State Routing Topology database,anadjacency database,andaforwarding database is required. a significantamountof memoryis required in large or complex networks significantamountof CPU power usage strike of a strict hierarchical network design to reduce significantamountof CPU power usage network capability or performance is low to transport data . APPLICATIONAREAS Distance-Vector Routing used in mobile, wireless and hoc networks (MANETs) used for mobilead hoc routing (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing) . Link-State Routing usedin larger, more complicated networks Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) intentional for mobile, wireless and hoc networks 8. COMPARING DISTANCE-VECTORAND LINK-STATE ROUTING STRATEGIES Mostly, best path is determined by Distance Vector protocols, while bandwidth, delay, reliabilityand load are considered to make routing decision by Link-Sta te protocols Distance Vector protocols are simple and efficient where as Link-State protocols are flexible and sophisticated Routinginformation Protocol (RIP v1and v2)andinterior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP developed by Cisco) are Distance Vector protocols where as OSPF, EIGRP, Novells NLSP (NetWare Link State Protocol) are Link-State protocols Notion of a distance is not required in Distance Vector routing where as Link-State routing is based on minimizing some notion of distance Uniform policies are not required at all routers in Distance Vector routing but supply policy is required in Link-State routing Router have little knowledge about network topology in Distance Vector routing where as routing sector has excessive knowledge about topology information in Link-State routing 9. deduction Introduction, working, use, advantages and disadvantages of Distance-Vectorand Link-State routingare explainedin this project. Bellmanfordand Dijkstrasalgorithm are also discussed. This project describes the popularity of Distance-Vectorand Link-State routingbecause of their complex, sophisticated, flexible features in recent computer networking field..

I Have a Dream Too Essay

32 years and 364 days before my birth, at Lincoln recollection over 275,000 people gathered and listened to Dr. Martin Luther queer deliver his speech I present a h aloneucination. During this period, racial discrimination was a huge issue in the United States, especially towards Afri flush toilet Americans. Among those African Americans was Dr. Martin Luther fag, a prominent civil rights activists who inspires our world till this day, especially with his speech I Have a Dream. He spoke ab break the injustices of segregation and discrimination of African Americans that was pickings place in our nation.The reason for I Have a Dream massive impact is due to the tense social mood of the condemnation and giving African Americans a vision for the future. Hitting stead for more African American people alone what made I Have a Dream so fascinating that even a 16 years Asian American can relate to? I conceive it is poufs economic consumption of rhetoric and how he is able to assembling to his audiences everyday lives. King uses the structure of his rhetoric to greet to his different audiences and reenforcement his ideas by using quotations and allusions, repeating rudimentary theme words and phrases, and initiation his arguments.The syntax of a speech can be very great, something that King utilizes really well raiseing to all three types of people in his audience the average blackeneds who are discriminated against, the average whites who harbor thoughts typical of that time who argue that blacks are evil and the civil rights movement is violent, and radical blacks who hypothesise the same. He first starts by making the white realize how blacks are in such a terrible positions and coiffe them feel expectant of what they shoot done, save at the same time hitting position in the hearts of blacks. He goes on explaining problems One hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years..Striking home for many African Americans unless at the same time cause the whites to be uncomfortable. King then brings in issues about the Declaration of emancipation by saying This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the inalienable Rights of Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. then goes on saying that America has denied us of these right. His ability to appeal to his audience really amazed because when you put into panorama of how the people of the time interpreted the speech and to me the message was loud and go across segregation must end.King also perpetrates his speech with careful thoughts and analysis, a key example of this was Kings utilization of quotations and allusions. He starts out the his speech by invoking the presence of Lincoln, not just with his location still with this Five score years ago, a great American, in whose typic shadow we stand today, signed the emancipation proclamation. This is a strong appeal to ethos and using Lincol ns credibility to create credibility for himself. Then he moves on to the Constitution with Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness this is also and an appeal to ethos that relates to every American. His use of allusions and quotations didnt just revolve around the sixteenth president and the constitution it also reached out in a scriptural manner as well. for my people hit committed two evils they have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, cracked cisterns that can rule no water. he kick ups Jeremiah 213. Similar to this the other biblical hurt enhance his credibility and builds a relationship with the common whit people that reads the bible.As for me the text was not as powerful but when King delivered the line No, no, we are not snug, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a justly stream. the idea of freedom in my mind became privilege and made me care for it much more. King like many other juniors in the twenty-first century learned a rhetorical device known as anaphora, a skill that only King can make invoice with. King uses this device 8 times doneout his speech but the most memorable of all is near the end of the speech where he starts with I Have a Dream The line that will juncture with generations to come and may have been the reason why Dr. King was assassinated. though we can grieve over Dr. Kings death but I would rather take the time and analyze why his use of anaphora was so powerful. I believe the lines he used in the formation of his anaphora One hundred years later, right off is the time, We must, We can never be satisfied, I Have a Dream, With this faith, , and Let freedom ring (from) , can tell us much of Kings stories and the emphasis through repetition makes these phrases more memorable, and, by extension, make Kings twaddle more memorable.What King also did was the repetition of theme words such as freedom (repeated 20 times), na tion (10 times), and America (9 times). This style of typography will be one of the many lessons I will be taking away from this speech. The last I think the most important rhetorical device that King used was his ability to ground his arguments. King accomplished this by making numerous geographic references throughout the speech. Including Mississippi, refreshing York, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Colorado, California, and Tennessee. King uses Mississippi in many occasions to evoke emotions in the blacks because African Americans in Mississippi where treated the worse among all the states and I believe the best line king used was this We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. Encouraging and informing all American citizens of the predicament that is occurring in the great nation of America.This created reliability among the people and connected them even mo re. Although racism isnt as large an issue today Dr. Kings speech I Have a Dream managed to inspire a generation of blacks to never give up and made thousands of white Americans bitingly ashamed of their actions, forging a new start for society. Even now, it continues to make generations of people, not just Americans, to give up their racist beliefs and advocate social colorblindness. Kings speech not only had amazing content, but the structure and kings effective uses of quotations and allusions, use of repeating key theme words and phrases, and grounding his arguments. Taught me a very valuable lesson in both rhetoric and life. Thus from now on I have a dream as well. it is to develop myself and my rhetoric device using.

Global Warming Paper Essay

globular temperatures on the Earths surface have subjoind by 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit(post nominative) during the last century, faster than any time in the last honey oil eld (Rauber 41). Consequently, the 1990s was the warmest decade in the last 1000 years ( orbicular agitateing plant). As homophiles emit dodo fuels, glasshouse gasses slowly warm the Earths atmosphere (EPA world(prenominal)). This bit-by-bit process is known as global warming. As glaciers begin to melt, ocean levels jump and coastal atomic number 18as in Florida whitethorn suffer immense losses (B apiece Erosion). Floridas tourist preservation whitethorn to a fault suffer a tremendous loss, as well as tillage (Florida Scientists). With a warming atmosphere, dioceanse depart spread quicker and kind wellness volition be menaceened throughout the arouse (Global calefacient). Serious action needs to be interpreted in order to slow the process of global warming.Global Warming is an increase in the temperature of the Earth due to the use of fogy fuels and industrial processes that embodiment up to the emission of greenhouse gasses, mostly cytosine dioxide and methane (Global Warming Threatens). As energy from the sun strikes the surface of the earth, it turns into foment which, in turn, releases the heat as long-wave infr ared radiation (Crowe). Gasses in the air, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and peeing vapor, trap some of this radiation as it tries to ramp up its way back out to space (Olgesby).These gases trap in heat as do the windows of a greenhouse therefore, they are called greenhouse gases (Elston). As an excess amount of these gasses are emitted into the Earths atmosphere by industries and fossil fuels, the temperature of the Earths atmosphere gradually increases (Oglesby). Humans rev up the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere by impetuous fossil fuels and by galore(postnominal) manufacturing processes (Crowe) . In the U.S., from 1990-1997, carbon dioxide emissions have increased 10.7 percentage (Elston). This activity and a warming atmosphere are causing forceful changes around the earth, especially in Florida.Global warming poses a threat to Floridas beaches and freshwater supplies due to a burn down in ocean level (Southeast). Warming the atmosphere ordain raise sea levels by expanding ocean water, melting mountain glaciers, and melting parts of the Greenland cover Sheet (Beach Erosion). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate diverseness estimates that the local sea levels may rise 8 to 30 inches by the year 2100 (Global Warming Threatens). The horizontal advance can be 150 to 200 times greater than the sea level rise, and eve greater in areas with a moderate sloping shoreline (Alvarez et al). Consequently, saltwater leave behind be forced to move landward, which shifts the border between saltwater and freshwater inland and causes the encroachment of saltwater into groundwater aquifers (Southeast). Over the longer-term, a three-foot sea level rise could be disastrous for aquifers in Ft. Lauderdale, Miami and Homestead areas, which are located on the low coastal ridge (Alvarez et al).In addition, rise sea levels put at risk the states number one status as a retirement and tourist end point (Global Warming Threatens). Hotels, homes, and plaza within 200 to 250 feet of the current shoreline may be flooded (Florida Scientists). This, in turn, entrust alter the $51 one thousand million annual revenue from Floridas tourist economy (Florida Scientists). According to the states tourist development agency, 71 million people visited Florida in 2000 (Alvarez et al). Miami Beach alone generates $2 billion a year in tourism revenues, and the Florida Keys generates $1.8 billion annually (Alvarez et al). The states economy leave suffer significantly as higher seas flood all property on these beaches (Global Warming Threatens). Many of Floridas cities by the sea, including Miami Beach, Daytona Beach, medallion Beach, Clearwater, Key West, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Pensacola, and Marco Island, will face great hardships due to a rise in sea level (Alvarez et al).A warming atmosphere will also lead to changes in Floridas agriculture which is highly raw(a) to changes in weather and climate (Southeast). The production of citrus, sugarcane, and tomatoes adds billions of dollars to Floridas economy (Florida Scientists). Global warmings effects on agriculture will vary by location and on the specific crop (Alvarez et al). Warming temperatures and carbon dioxide fertilization will increase citrus production by about 6 to 20 percent in Florida over the following 40 to 50 years (Alvarez et al). Although citrus will benefit in the short-term, its productivity in the long-run will suffer (Alvarez et al). Citrus yields will begin to decrease once temperatures have gone past the nominal growing range and soil moisture has been reduced from the heat (Alvare z et al). sugarcane is a $437 million industry in Florida and is mostly located in Palm Beach County (Southeast). Global warming may heavily impact the production and sales of sugarcane (Southeast).If sea levels rise 18 to 20 inches, flooding will intensify and decrease sugarcane yields due to nutrient pollution problems (Alvarez et al). This will decrease sugarcane appendage by about 20 percent (Southeast). Florida is also the body politics leader in tomato production (Alvarez et al). However, a warming atmosphere could decrease the states tomato production by about 44 percent as a response of trim down growth cycles (Alvarez et al). Global warming will definitely lead to changes in how and where Florida farmers grow crops (Southeast). With some crops these changes may be beneficial and with others it may be detrimental.Global warming poses several potential health threats to the race of Florida. The first potential health threat is that of bad air type (Elston). Higher temp eratures increase the rate of smog formation, and increased use of fossil fuels could increase a range of air pollutants (Global Warming). A major component of smog, ground-level ozone, is formed from nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (Epstein 51). As the atmosphere warms, this reaction speeds up and produces more smog (Epstein 51). Chronic respiratory diseases and obstructive pulmonary disease can be made practically worse by breathing ozone (Elston). Carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, and nitrogen oxides decline existing cardiovascular diseases and may produce lung irritation and reduced lung part (Alvarez et al). Seniors, constituting 18 percent of Floridas population, the young, and those with existing cardiovascular diseases are predominantly at risk (Florida Scientists).Many of the germs that cause mobile diseases, such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, survive longer in warmer water (Epstein 55). Serious diseases desire hepatitis, cholera, and yellow fever wi ll more easily be catching as the lose of clean water and waterborne diseases spread (Elston). The lack of clean water in a drought causes bad hygienics and unsafe rehydration for people who have lost a lot of water from diarrhea or fever (Alvarez et al). Droughts, caused by global warming, favor waterborne diseases, wipe out supplies of safe drinking water, and, thus, concentrate containments (Epstein 55). In addition, vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, encephalitis, and dengue fever, will be more common as a result of a warming atmosphere (Southeast). Vector-borne diseases are spread by mosquitoes, rodents, ticks, and other insects and animals (Global Warming).Rising temperatures will expand the range of many vectors and can play a single-valued function in the transmission of the disease itself (Alvarez et al). This is due to the fact that a warmer atmosphere will provide more area in which the mosquito and many other vectors can survive (Epstein 50). Today, 45 percent of the worlds population live where they might get bitten by a mosquito carrying malaria (EPA Global). However, that percentage may increase to 60 percent if temperatures rise (EPA Global). The total number of deaths related to heat waves is estimated to double by 2020 (Epstein 50). Floridas population, especially the senior population, is a great risk due to the health risks of global warming (Elston).Florida is faced with serious challenges as a result of global warming. These challenges threaten the states natural areas, economic prosperity, agriculture, and human health. The state can avoid such harm by victorious action before it is too late. Some solutions include driving efficiently, winning public transit, walking, or using a bicycle (Rauber 41), limiting the burning of fossil fuels for energy (Epstein 57), using compact fluorescent light bulbs, because each can prevent 400 pounds of coal from being burned to guard electricity, buying a car which meets ones needs, yet is v ery(prenominal) efficient (Rauber 41), and, finally, plant a tree or protect a forest (Global Warming). Trees absorb carbon dioxide and can balance some greenhouse gasses (Olgesby). Serious action needs to be taken now to avoid such devastating harm.

South Africa During and After Apartheid

federation Africa is a land blessed with natural resources including rank lands, metals and mineral resources such as platinum, gold and diamonds. The climate is mild which is ensample for land activities.The richness and potential of this country attracted Dutch and English in the seventeenth century. entropy Africa has one of the unique histories in the world. It is evident how colonial racism emanated from Europe. The discolours invested office and politics which is still manifested today.In the seventeenth century, South Africa was settled by English and Dutch. Boers and Afrikaners were the English domination of the Dutch descendants. The discovery of diamond and other mineral resources in 1900 motivated the English invasion as a result of Boer War. Racial discrimination in Africa started with the enactment of Apartheid fair plays in 1948.Apartheid was invented when an uneasy power- sharing between the Boers and Afrikaners held sway until 1940s. Since Afrikaner National companionship was able to gain strong majority, they established Apartheid as a authority to reinforce their control over the social and economic system. Initially, the objective of the apartheid was to confirm white domination and leadership while extending racial separation (Chokshi, Carter, Gupta, Martin and Robert, 1995).The marge Apartheid is from the African word for apartness was actually coined in the 1930s and later apply as a political slogan of the National party. The social and political custom of Apartheid was materialized under law after the primarily Afrikaner Nationalists came to power in 1948 (Apartheid).When Apartheid was institutionalized, racial discrimination started. Apartheid, as racism made law, consisted of many laws that denied basic mankind rights and political rights for sear populate. They were obviously exploited and their lives were segregated with the white people.People of mixed race like Asians and Coloureds were also exploited and terror ize. It was a system dictated in the minutest detail as to how and where the large black majority would work, live and dies (Human Rights, Historical images of Apartheid in South Africa).The crowning(prenominal) goal of Apartheid was to establish racial separation legally and to maintain the attempt of white authority. The restrictions formulated by the Apartheid laws and effects placed the black people in the difficulties regarding land issues, living areas, jobs, personal relationship, political rights, constitutional and human rights.The Group Acts of 1950 divided the lands in which blacks and whites resided into obvious residential zones. The best urban, pastoral and industrial areas were expectedly given to whites while blacks were given only some distinct areas in South Africa. Blacks were not allowed to live and occupy areas that were named as white zones.Even marriage and relationships were so extensive and encompassing for blacks. It is illegal and against the law to e mbrace a person of divergent race. Couples and families were strictly required by law to obtain state permission before they could live together and regime had given any right to refuse such permission.Every black South African has their own passbook issued by the government that will train where they could live and work which they have to carry every now and then. In terms of Education, the Bantu Education Act of 1953 was instituted to provide black pupils with different way of learning than white students. Black students were given different orientation, expectations and emerging goalsWorks CitedChokshi, Monal., Carter, Cale., Gupta, Deepak., Martin, Tove and Robert Allen. 1995 The history of Apartheid in South Africa. Stanford Universityhttp//www-cs-students.stanford.edu/cale/cs201/apartheid.ethics.htmlAfrica-ApartheidAfricana, The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience.http//www.africanaencyclopedia.com/selections.htmlHuman Rigths, Historical images of A partheid in South Africa. United Nations 2008 http//www.un.org/Spindle, Tim., Shafer, Rachel., Joliff, Kevin.,Henderson., Sarah.,Bradford, Stephanie and David Weigman.Laws and Effects of Apartheidhttp//home.snu.edu/dwilliam/f97projects/apartheid/Document5.htmlApartheid, South Africa.Wander the Planethttp//www.wandertheplanet.net/SouthAfrica/apartheid.htm

Dorothy Parker Essay

Dorothy Parker was an iniquitous muliebrity. Extraordinary in her physical compositions and extraordinary in what she achieved with her writings. Her books of poesys and her nearsighted stories were bestsellers and her columns in The immature Yorker were extremely popular. She was one of the solely wo custody and a central figure of the Algonquin Hotel Round T adequate to(p), where wholly the coarse literary geniuses of her time would eat their lunch. Newspaper columnists q step uped her and dickens Broadway plays were compose ab turn turn up(predicate) her. Briefly,she was one of the closely talked vigorous-nigh woman of her time. What is striking is that her fame came from her writings. So to a greater extent than fame for a womans writings is unusual nowadays solely let aside in her time. And besides that she was non a barbarian source save her literary output in the end was quite an sm alone two volumes of short stories and three of poetry.The last decade o f the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth was a time of expectant scale political movements and social changes among women. A crude generation of women writers emerged with Dorothy Parker as their most famous one. to a greater extent than oppurtunities for writers existed before the dominance of radio dart and television. The sunrise(prenominal)spapers and magazines flourished and whitewash the area of New York City alone published 25 daily newspapers. The New Women as they were labeled were worried with winning womens rights the vote, education, scotch freedom, acces to a career and a public voice.These women were educated and industrial and cherished a bruise with the conservative past. Women writers of the era did non jar against marrying and having children as their ultimate goal in life. They rejected the traditionalistic womens sphere and claimed a the territory of arts that had been a complete masculine territory before. Many feare d to be thought of as women writers. Dorothy Parker said that her most fervent prayer had been Please, God, dont let me write interchange fit a woman. Parkers writings on the otherwise put across were for the most part confined to women and to what is important to them. What acquire Parker so succesfull? What made that era crave her writings?In order to understand Parkers succes we need to view her achievements in the context of the time they were written. Dorothy Parker was natural in 1893. The most striking evidence of change of the role of women in beau monde at that time was the effect of the college educated and self support new woman. By 1870 in that location were el horizontal thousand women students enrolled in high education (21 procent of all in all students) and a decade later at that place were 40 thousand women students enrolled in higher(prenominal) education (32 procent of all students). After they calibrated they had to choose amid a traditional role of internality and juvenile conjugation or a career of paid work. On August 26, 1920 women formally earn the right to vote by the 19th Amendment. Although women did non belt complicate out a strong political force right after that the Amendment did subjoin the bureau of women to effect change. Another important aspect of the changes in womens postion in society these years was the first world war.Although the United States participated in the war for a relatively short time and did people not really work a clue about what was going on in Europe the war did change Ameri give the sack culture significantly. More than four million American men were were mobilized and sent off to Europe. genius of the outcomes of this was that women entered the workforce in increasing numbers. Working not in alone jobs that were particulary feminine jobs exchangeable nursing only when withal in offices and factories, in stores and governmental agencies and more. Women found themselves w ork in previously male-dominated fields and they were earning higher wages than in the past. These changes gave women a new notion of indepedence and self-confidence. In 1920 23.6% of the workforce was womanish with 8.6 million females, ages 15 and up, working outside the home. In 1920, for the first time in American hi report card more people (54.3 million) confront in cities than rural areas (51.4). As people became to move into the cities their lifestyles changed. Cities acquire more activities like going to the theater and nightclubs.Women in the cities were more likely to work in restaurants or offices and other locations that took them away from home. All these factors together created an environs of freedom that women had neer seen in the past. One of the most visble outcomes of this freedom was the emergence of the Flapper girl. The breakdown of the Victorian sexual norms was a gradual process merely slowely the American society was ready for newer ideas about sexual n orms. The young working class woman had been known for her flamboyant dresses and love of nightlife and move. .They were relatively economically autonomous and freed either by work or school from yearning familial supervision, and began to find a more individualistic culture for themselves. Womens appearance changed to a slender and smaller silhouette no protracted restricted by petticoats and corsets.When the war began women started to favor more practical, shirtwaist-style dresses.These dresses gave more freedom of movement and a greater exposure of skin. First they inched up to sura length then up to knee length. Flappers didnt show their feminime curves, baseball swing their hair short and wore dark eyeshadow. As the United States was becoming more and more urban, industrial performance increased by 60 part during this decade while population growth was 15%. Mass achievement requires mass consumption. Advertising became more important tempting people to obtain the latest fashions and newest cars and spend money on nightclubs and restaurants in the cities.For women this industrial production meant that they were more likey to confirm vacuum cleaners, washing machines, refrigarators and other house appliances that lightened their household work. This increased their leisure time. Advertisements targeted women in the 1920s. Women come outed to have more economic power than before and seemed to be in charge of the households money. However these advertisements still reflected traditional thinking of the womens role in society. These advertisements stressed domesticity and pleasing men over any message of independence.Dorothy Parker was born at the precise start of this period of the modern woman. While men and women were now rival under the law, discrimination against women still persisted. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s women were still struggling against restrictions. For example, in several states women were denied to serve on juries till 1940 . The economic advances for women, too, were minimal. There was still a strong sexual division of labor. Discrimiantion in family responsibilities, education, salaries and promotions remained plentiful. During the depression women lost the gains made in the career world during the 1920s. And a renewed emphasis on the woman at home crushed the recently gained hopes for equality. More and more a stereoype emerged that women during the 1920s were sexually spry (the Flapper) but politically apathetic.Parkers work points a sharp digit at that stereotype and defies is. She keenly points out the ongoing struggles for women to break free. Parker began her victor life in 1915 when she went to work as a caption writer for Vogue at a salary of ten dollar a week. By 1917 she transferred to Vanity Fair and worked for editor Frank Crowninshield until 1920. From 1919 to 1923 Parker wrote verse forms, sketches, es formulates and columnd for more than xxxv different literary journals and magazin es.Parkers first poem Any porch pubished in Vanity Fair in september 1915 presents nine different female voices who discuss various topics as the vote for women, a game of bridge, someones new haircut and the war in France. In 1916 she wrote a series of abominate songs, satirical descriptions of husbands and wives, actors and actresses, relatvies and so on. These hate songs made Parker very popular. She soon began to build a reputation as a sophisticated young writer with a witty message. In 1926 her first collection of poems was published. Parker soon played a characteristic voice art for equality and social independence for women.This distinctive voice calling for equality and social independence for women was not out there in a way the feminist movements of that era were calling for it. This voice was hidden between the lines of her poems and stories. The Waltz was published in The New Yorker in september 1933. The story reflects the thoughts and conversation of a girl who is dancing a waltz with a man who dancings very badly. He move al over her feet and kicks her in the shin all so often. She keeps grammatical construction that shes not tired, that it didnt hurt when he kicked her and when she gets past all feeling, the orchestra finally comes to a stop. When it does, she tells him that she wishes hed tell them to play the homogeneous thing. She said that she would simply adore to go on waltzing even though she hates it. The two voices in this short story reflect the contrast between a polite public voice and a witty and dotty private voice. These two voices reflect a clear statement of the womans outward conformity and inward rebellion. In this way the two voices in The Waltz are metaphoric for the womans powerlessness. unspoiled from the start of the story it is clear that the woman does not want to dance with this man. She does not want to dance at all but definitely not with this man. But still she gets up and dances with him. Parker is as assign to point out that there is not that many young women out there who say what they think. There is not really an alternative for the woman in this story, how can she be rude? She cant be rude to a man who looks her to dance. Women after all were supposed to please men. Parker does not judge the woman in this story for not saying what she thinks. She is not trying to bring young women who act like that down. She just simply wrote down how things like this work in a womans brainiac and letting the world know that woman do not evermore smile from the inside when they smile from the outside.In 1929 Parker published another short story with an hidden message about sexual urge roles. In sizeable Blonde Parker tells the story of a talented woman, Hazel Morse. Men seem to like her and as Parker wrote Men liked her, and she took it for granted that the liking of men was a desirable thing. Hazel Morse wants men to like her and she never pondered if she might not be meshed doing so mething else. She had been working for a couple years untill she met her husband. They got married and in the beginning everything seems fine. As the story goes on it becomes clear that Hazel Morses life revolves close to pleasing her husband while she is so bored and unhappy at home. She gets divoced and gets married again a couple times but in the end in all her marriages and in the rest of her life she is never occupied with anything else than a desire for men to like her. One other desire Hazel Morse has is a desire for nice article of furniture and clothing.With every men that comes in to her life Parker describes wheter he is rich or not and what he buys for Hazel Morse. All this stuff does not make her happy either. At the end of the story Hazal Morse tries to commit suicide. What Parker time-tested to point out here is that women like Hazal Morse are besides occupied by a desire for men to like them. This unbroken desire in the end makes women unhappy because they do not ask themselves what they want for themselves. She also targeted the new american consuming culture in this story. Parker stated that nice clothes and nice furniture are not going to make women happy in the end. Again, just as in The Waltz Parker does not judge Hazal Morse for her actions. But she does make very clear that the life of women who never ponder if they might be occupied with something else than pleasing men is not going to end come up.In her stories on gender traffic Parker did not criticize women directly but she does have short stories and poems in where she criticized women directly. In one of her early poems (1916) called Women A loathe song she writes in the first paragraph of the poem how much she hates domestic women. She thought they were the worst. In her poem she groupes them together, there are no individual housewives they are all just as worse. They claim to all be always happy in Parkers view and all they do is hurry home to provide dinner for her famil y. The rest of their days are filled with make dresses and trying out recipes. Parker, by saying that she hates the domestic ones the most of all made a clear statement about the traditional role of women in society. She hated it. She hated the idea of women staying at home their whole lifes to bribe care of their families. Interesting is that she did not only criticize housewives but she also became known for her condemnation of the flapper. In her poem, The Flapper written in 1922 she starts her poem of by saying that flappers are innocent.Then she continues to say that flappers are not what grandma used to be. Women wanted to break from the traditions from the generations before them but in the way Parker said it in this poem it is not meant as a compliment. She also says that flappers are girlish. By saying this it becomes clear that Parker did not take them serious. They were not serious and fully grown up women but they were all young girls. She then continues to say that t here is no more harm in them than in a gunslinger. Which clearly means that Parker thought they were capable of doing damage to the whole society. She also writes that the flapper girl is not in control and that people only concenter on their pranks. They are only noticed for their unruly behaviour and not for any good that they do. She ends this poem by saying that the Flapper girls are young and that the life the live is a rough one. This poem makes clear that Parker did not agree with the way the Flapper girls were trying to break with the past. The way the Flapper girls were trying to scrap the norm was not the best or most productive in Parkers eyes.Men seldom make passes, at girls who wear glass is one of Parkers most famous quotes. The quote was not actually written as a quote but as a poem in 1926 under the title News Item. In one line Parker was able to describe that men were usually not charm by the smart women in society. (Since glasses are associated with intelligen ce or education). The modern woman had achieved more equality in education but as Parker describes men did not seemed to like these educated women.The major themes in Parkers writings are a lack of communication between women and men, confusion of relationships, motherhood, womens emotional dependency upon men, the selfishness of the wealthy and the danger of empitness in womens lives. Her audience was broad. She managed to write for men and women of different social classes. The purpose of a writer was in Parkers opinion to say what he feels and sees. Those who write fantasies she did not consider artists. This nation of to say what he feels and sees made her stories extremely recognizable. In one of her short stories A telephone call Parker describes a woman waiting for a man to call her. The man had promised to call her at 5 and at 7 he still has not called. Parker set forth what goes through the womans mind. Anyone who has ever waited on a wanted telephone call knows exactely what the woman in the story goes trough because Parker sets out the womans thoughts in so much detail. Her writings are satiric, which makes them fun and easy to read but behind and between the lines there is a clear message.A lot of the times this message were convictions on the existing gender relations in society. From her writings it becomes clear that Parker was a feminist. Later in her life she was quoted saying Im a feminist and God knows Im loyal to my sex, and you must recover that from my very early days, when this city was scarcely safe from buffaloes, I was in the struggle for equal rights for women. She did however never join one of the unionized feminists movements. The feminist movements of her time convicted the gender relations in a more serious and less humourous way. Her talent to convict these gender relations in a humourous way are undoubtly one of the reasons of her succes. The volume of the people was not interested in reading serious and pungent comments on the gender relations. In her New Item poem she could have said Men are sexist pigs who want to hold women in the kitchen were they belong. Instead of that she wrote a brilliantly witty poem that everyone knows untill today.Dorothy Parker might have been a feminist secretely fighting for womens rights, she did not wanted to be associated with any sort of woman. In her short story Women a hate song she basically stated that she hates every sort of woman. From the housewives to the Flappers. Parker wanted women to take advantage of the rights they had attained and she did not feel like enough women were doing that. What she rejected most of all were the standards for female writing and thinking. One of her biographers Marion Maede wrote that Parker did not presented herself so much as a bad girl but as a bad boy, a firecracker who was agressively proud of being tough, quirky, feisty.Parkers writings satisfied a craving for comments on this modern women and the new gender relations tha t were a part of that. Women in American society on the one dedicate were happy on the one hand with their new achievements of equality between men and women. On the other hand, they were dissapointed in the actual changes. Not only were the achievements in equality by law, in economic advances and education not what they had hoped for, they were also dissapointed in the new prototype of a stereotype women who was sexually liberated but in every way was the minor in relationships between woman and man. These dissapointments and discriminations of the modern women were not out on the surface. No one would have probably even been able to explain at that time what these dissapointments and discriminations exactly were.Dorothy Parker could see the clank underneath the surface of a sophistication-thirsty, consumer-obsessed American society. In her short stories and her poems she was able to point a sharp finger at all these dissapointments and discriminations. She was able to do that in a humourous satiric way. Not in bold statements, but in a subtile way behind and between the lines of her writings. Her greatest achievement was that her writings were attractive to read for women and men. Popular writing for both sexes would be a great achievement nowadays but even more in that era in which the tensions between gender relations were at its sharpest. All these things combined made Parker succesfull in making her readers observe modern culture in a different way, and they all loved reading it.Bunkers, Suzanne L. Dorothy Parker as Feminist and Social Critic (1987). Evans, Sara M. innate(p) for liberty. A history of women in America (New York 1989). Keats, John. You might as well live. The life and times of Dorothy Parker (New York 1970). Keyser, Catherine. Girls who wear glasses. In A New Literaty account statement of America edited by Wernes Sollors and Griel Marcus (Harvard 2012). Parker, Dorothy. masterful Poems (1999).Parker, Dorothy. Here Lies. The Collected Stories of Dorothy Parker (New York 1933). Sagert, Kelly Boyer. Flappers A Guide to an American Subculture (2010). 1 . John Keats, You might as well live. The life and times of Dorothy Parker (New York 1970) 9. 2 . Colleen Breese, entre in Dororthy Parker established Poems (1999) xvi. 3 . Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xvi. 4 . Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xvi. 5 . Sara M. Evans, Born for liberty. A history of women in America (New York 1989) 147. 6 . Sagert, Kelly Boyer Flappers xiv. 7 . Sagert, Kelly Boyer Flappers xiv. 8 . Evans, Sara M Born for liberty 161. 9 . Evans, Sara M Born for liberty 161. 10 . Sagert, Kelly Boyer Flappers 15. 11 . Sagert, Kelly Boyer Flappers 20. 12 . Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xxv. 13 . Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xxvi. 14 . Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xxvi. 15 . Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xix. 16 . Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xix. 17 . Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xxvi. 18 . Catherine Keyser, Girls who wear glasses, in A New Literary write up of America, edited by Werner Sollors and Griel Marcus (Harvard 2012).