Group Observation Essay

I chose to observe a sex offenders group at office of an association of licensed professional counselors in Hinesville, Georgia. The group consisted of 9 sex offenders and the counselor, who was a woman, and myself. The group meet in the evening and everyone was present and on time. We sat in a circle, and I was introduced. I had to sign a confidentiality agreement, and the guys signed something stating they didn’t mind my being there. There were no introductions, as everyone knew each other. Group therapy is seen as the most appropriate form of treatment in the United States. The rationale for this is the argument that sex offenders require group therapy because effective confrontation of manipulative behavior can only be done by other individuals who have been through the same dynamic. Groups are seen as necessary and appropriate for all sexual offenders, regardless of their individual personalities and the factors underlying their abusive behavior (Grossman, Martis, & Fichter, 1999). Psychological treatment of sex offenders showed little success until the advent of cognitive-behavioral techniques which have undergone rapid development over the past two decades. CBT was primarily developed through a merging of behavior therapy with cognitive therapy. While rooted in rather different theories, these two traditions found common ground in focusing on the â€Å"here and now†, and on alleviating symptoms. The goal of these treatments is to change sex offenders’ belief systems, eliminate inappropriate behavior, and increase appropriate behavior by modifying reinforcement contingencies so that offensive behavior is no longer reinforced (What is CBT, 2007). CT intervention methods include helping clients learns to identify the negative, automatic thoughts that occur in upsetting situations, to examine their validity, and to replace them with more useful, reality based thinking. The clients are helped to identify and change the elements of their belief system (world view, self-concept) and the cognitive distortions (errors in reasoning like catastrophic thinking) that lead to negative automatic thoughts. This empowers clients by teaching them to consider a variety of alternative explanations for the cause of an event, by helping them restate problems in behavioral terms that give a client some control over it and to create strategies for dealing with fearful possibilities. BT intervention methods include diversion techniques to diminish negative thinking and emotionality, activity scheduling to increase positive emotion and mastery, homework and graded task assignments, which entail incremental steps of increasing difficulty to reach goals, and role play and rehearsal to try out and practice new behaviors and roles to be used in the real world. lients how to use self-monitoring techniques, where the client records information about a target behavior, and stimulus control, the building, modification, or elimination of a stimulus-response connection so that a target response is increased or eliminated (Fraum, 2011). I observed the counselor using these interventions during the group. One of the goals of the group is prevent reoffenses. When the group started the first thing the counselor asked was if any members had and â€Å"Red Flags† during the week. The Red Flag indicates a form of a self- monitoring technique, when the member knows that he is danger situation and must stop the behavior or leave the area. A few members recounted what had happened to them and how they solved the problem. The group was in the working stage. Up for discussion was why a member had failed a mandatory polygragh test; the member disclosed a reaction to the words child pornography. Seven members gave feedback. According to Corey, Corey, &Corey (2010) during the working stage members trusted other members, goals were clear and specific, people feel free to bring themselves into the work of others, there is a willingness to risk disclosing threatening material, feedback is given freely and accepted without defensiveness, members feel hopeful, there is a an awareness of the group process, communication is clear and direct, and the focus is on the here and now. The group displayed these characteristics and more.

Professional Development of Nursing Professionals Essay

In this day and age when medicine becomes more technological and industry driven, nursing needs to find its new role in the rapidly transforming healthcare system. In 2010 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published proposals about remodeling of nursing in the U.S. – â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.† This report points out to the need for changes in education, expanding practice, and demonstrating leadership in nursing. This modification will have a strong effect on the nursing in future and will contribute to changes of scope and standards of practice. Impact of the IOM Report on Nursing Education In regards to nursing education IOM report proclaim, â€Å"nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression.† (IOM Report, 2010). Today healthcare system is advancing rapidly and requires from all caregivers to improve their knowledge and specialization. The training and education that was given in the past to the nurses does not satisfy the demands of modern days and need to changed dramatically to allow them to keep up with rapidly changing scope of todays medicine. Nowadays, ever-growing complexity of patients demands from nurses to achieve a higher level of education in order to deliver a higher-quality patient care. To achieve this goal nursing schools have to develop new educational model, that provide competencies in decision making, quality improvement, systematic thinking, and team leadership. Another recommendation that IOM repot promotes to raise the proportion of BSN graduates among of the nurses to 80% by the end of 2020 (IOM, 2010). An increase in the percentage of nurses with a bachelor degree would help to manage a challenging and increasingly diverse healthcare environment. Impact of the IOM Report on Practice, Particularly in Primary care Nowadays, the health care system starts to focus on the new ways to provide patient-centered care by delivering more primary care and working on education of communities by promoting disease prevention and healthy lifestyles. Nurses now qualified to provide these services, since they have enough scientific knowledge and training. Regrettably, however this welcomed change is hindered by various restrictions coming from outdated policies and rules. These restrictions prevent nurses to deliver services to the patient and community in the full capacity. The IOM report advice to redesign the roles of nurses to satisfy the need for improved and safe service to the public. The report also advised to revise the outdated standards of practice and eliminate the obstacles to maximize the contribution to the community that nurses can make. Impact of the IOM Report on Nursing Role as a Leader Public is not used to seeing the nurse as a leader, mostly because of historical and rather stereotyped role of a nurse as a physician extender. However, in a constantly changing climate of a healthcare reform and increasing power of entities such as insurance companies, nurses cannot stay passive any longer if they want to continue to be relevant. â€Å"Because nurses have regular and close proximity to patients and scientific understanding of care processes across the continuum of care, they have a unique ability to act as partners with other health professionals and to lead in the improvement and redesign of the health care system and its many practice environments, including hospitals, schools, homes.† states in IOM recommendation. A unique nurses role as a patient advocate combined with a stronger leadership role that they ought to embrace is indispensible in order to form new health care policies that put patient in the center of the discussion. Changing Your Practice to Meet the Goals of the IOM Report Another key point of IOM report is to promote a high level education in the nursing. I am working toward achieving my goal and receiving Bachelor degree in nursing. I’m an operating nurse with more than fifteen years of an experience. Over many years of my practice I have achieved a high level of skill in many different areas of my profession. Now looking back I have a renewed appreciation to all the nursing educators that trained me so well and equipped me with tools to strife for continued self-improvement. I feel that now is my turn to pass on the torch and make sure that the future generation of nurses with rip from my experience and knowledge. Current concerning trend in the nursing is an acute deficiency in experienced locally educated nurses. As stated by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing,† U.S. nursing schools turned away 78,089 qualified applicants from baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs in 2013 due to an insufficient number of faculty,† (AACN, 2014). I fully intend to use my BSN education to embark on the difficult role as a nurse educator initially on my workplace and possibly later in a nursing academic institution In summary, an academic nursing education is an important evolution in my profession since it equips me with knowledge, skills and tools to continue to provide better patient care in safer environment, take part in shaping future health care policies and pass on my knowledge in an efficient way. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). (2014). Nursing Faculty Shortage. Washington, DC Retrieved from: http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-faculty-shortage Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IOM). (2010). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Retrieved from: http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx

Discuss the relationship between culture and public relations Essay

Discuss the relationship between culture and public relations - Essay Example Public relation practitioners, managers, and theorists have long been dealing with the concept of differences (Ainlay, Becker and Coleman 1986) and problems of communicating across cultures (Alberts 1992; Asante and Gudykunst 1989; Gudykunst 1991; Scollon and Scollon 1995; Varonis and Gass 1985; Gass and Varonis, 1991).On the other hand, some prominent public relation experts have criticized the importance of multicultural communication. This paper tries to explore the relationship between public relation and cultures while discussing about the societal and corporate cultures and their collective impact on public relation practices. Public relation practice is packed with the possibilities of embarrassments, lost opportunities, confused clients, inadequate performance, and unsatisfied expectations stemming from misunderstood cultural differences. Some prominent commentators reject the idea of multicultural communication, such as, ODwyer (1994 quoted in Banks 2000). Considering the insensitivity towards cultural differences, Banks (2000) suggests that they must get more informed about cultural diversity and get a better understanding of cultural variability and its implications for public relation practices. Banks (2000) refers to it as internalization of business; others call it globalization of business (Cheney 1999; Fitzpatrick 1992 quoted in Banks 2000, 40). Banks (2000) also notes that the research and theory on diversity in public relation is in its early phases. A diverse body of literature has emerged in order to provide practical information for training and working in multicultural settings, however, t he largest public relation study, the IABC Research Foundations "excellence project" has not directly acknowledged multicultural principles or issues; either we consider the studys development as theoretical statement or for using recommendations to improve

Economics of Gender, Race And Globalization Essay

Economics of Gender, Race And Globalization - Essay Example nder, race, and globalization The roles of both the genders have changed considerably with the time and that can be explained with the help of the following facts. The working women of the United States of America earned about 29% for every dollar that the men earned during the period of 1815 and increased to 76% per dollar by the year 2004. Besides the change in the economic behavior, the social aspects of the lives of both male and female have changed. According to a study made on the US economy a thirty years old man of the present century is four times more likely to be divorced than an individual of the same age in 1950 and the chance of the individual being not yet married is twice more than that of the earlier period. Discrimination between the two genders occurs because of their difference in their biological existence, difference in their psychology, in their culture and also in their abilities. There are policies that affect the two ends of the gender differently. The ways in which we could discriminate the two genders are uncountable in practical sense. Difference in the gender of individuals and the difference in their sex are different as the cultural influences make the two different from each other. However, majority of the differences between men and women that are not biological are incorporated by the society itself. Since childhood, a girl is presented with baby dolls so as to make them grow up with the feeling that motherhood is one of the ultimate goals they need to achieve in their lives. Thus, the gender issue gained importance from period of indefinite past and the economics of gender mainly deals with the change in the economic behavior of men and women with the changing economic environment and the social nature of living. (Jacobsen, 1-7) The... This report stresses that the immediate effect of racism is the increase in poverty level of the country. Thus, the world is a place where if individuals are born with the colors of their skin other than white are likely to be grown up to be poor. Economic globalization through increasing and staggering debt of the poor nations has perpetuated the colonization of the racialized world. This essay makes a conclusion that the most adverse effect of both gender and race is the increase in the poverty level of the society. A nation with more gender and racial discrimination experience more of their population living in poverty. The combined discrimination of gender and racism reveals that racialized women bear the incidence of poverty almost double than that of non-racialized women. The rate of white women living in poverty is only 18% as compared to 37% chance of living in poverty of women with color. The public sectors that are mostly ill maintained in the country are the places of dependence and association of the women of the society and the minority classes. Until date, no dominant international organization has come forward to protect the interest of the racial communities and that of the Women of the society. Globalization brought the people of the world together as consumers of international market but they are separated as people of different race and gender.

The Different Cases of Diabetes Experience Research Paper

The Different Cases of Diabetes Experience - Research Paper Example Physically, I have to continuously track my food intake and have to be careful about my exercise and activity level. It puts a lot of strain as I cannot let go of myself like normal people. I have also lost a lot of weight and at times am overcome with tiredness. I will weak and avoid taking additional responsibilities at the office as I know I cannot cope up with it much.How has being diagnosed with diabetes affecting your emotional/mental health?Emotional/mental health I feel that I have become a little depressed at times as I have to be extra careful with my food, with my daily routine and with my overall health. I fear that if I hurt my self, even in a small way, I will not be able to recover.Q4. What were the complications and side effects once diagnosed with diabetes? The most prominent side effect that I can feel is deterioration of my eyesight. I see that my eyesight is failing, and every day I fear that I will completely lose my eyesight.Q5. Have you been involved in designing a treatment or care plan for managing your diabetes. Please describe.As I have Type 1 diabetes, my doctor initially gave me a few sessions about keeping my sugar levels under control, diet and activity level. I was given a diet chart and then I started doing my own research on food and diabetes and now have a strict routine and schedule for my day.Q6. Have your diabetes medical advisors discussed any treatment options withyou? If so, what were these alternative treatments? None. Just need to use Insulin shots and manage my diet Q7. What do you find most difficult about your diabetes? Â  The healthy diet, exercising, doing injections, testing glucose levels, I don’t find anything difficult, other, please specifyQ8. Why do you find it so difficult? It is unnerving to inject yourself day after day.Q9. Do you feel different than other people because of diabetes? Certainly, I don’t have the freedom to eat or exert myself as normal people can Q11. How has diabetes had an impact on your quality of life and well-being?

Definition of family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Definition of family - Essay Example This essay discusses that there prevailed among the American whites a form of monogamy easily terminable on both sides, which was called the â€Å"pairing family.† The issue of the married pair was known to everybody knew and identified by everyone: there was without a doubt who was to be referred to as father, mother, daughter, son, sister or a brother. However, these names were in fact used rather in a different way. The man not only referred to his own young ones as his daughters and sons but also the kids of his brothers, and they referred to him as the father. The kids of his sisters, on the other hand, he referred to them as his nephews and nieces, and they referred to him as their uncle. In the modern world, it is very hard to define family. This is so because parents nowadays have little influence on their children. Children are mostly influenced by their peers and also by the media. Children are influenced negatively by whatever they learn on the television and on the internet. Parents have also delegated the duty of molding their children to teachers. It becomes very hard for a teacher having several pupils to monitor and tutor each and every pupil closely. Parents spend most of their time working. This means there is no or less family time. There has also been a case of neglect of children by parents leading to the suffering of children. This has led to children being sent to foster homes. Hence it can be concluded that family is anyone who gives you a sense of belonging, care, love, and protection.

(Ethics and Comunication) Reflection on organizational change Article

(Ethics and Comunication) Reflection on organizational change - Article Example Whether the change is big or small, it will still impact us. Unsurprisingly, we react to change by putting up a wall around us to protect ourselves from the effects of change. However, there are those individuals who embrace change and its effects on their lives. The good thing with this attitude is that if the organizational change results in a good outcome, the people who embrace change will be the first ones to reap the rewards. The downside to this mindset is that if the organizational change doesn’t go so well, these types of people will be the first to bear the full force of its effects. I believe that organizational change can be a good thing if conducted in the right atmosphere and if the wider organization can come to a consensus. The best type of organizational change is change that is accepted by the wider majority so its effects will then be lessened. I myself am sceptical of change because I see no need for changing something just for the sake of changing. If an o rganization is already running smoothly, then there is no need to upset the balance in the organization.

2 case OD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2 case OD - Assignment Example 62). This advocates something that is more than reactive to the changes. A fully developed culture that is distinctive to the corporation necessitates from the need for change for the vigorous development of the corporation. This embraces the potentials and participation of every member of the company as going beyond passive. It would be unacceptable to assume that other companies would never be able o adapt the same system. The success of Setpoint lies on the role that the management places on their employees. It’s no less than adapting the saying that there are no small roles, only small actors. Because indeed, the company has shown that the concept of team is well integrated into their dynamics. Everyone was well-informed of their roles toward the achievement of a common goal as epitomized in their board. I believe that culture per se cannot be bought but it can be developed and the availability of money at a company’s disposal to achieve the development of culture is very helpful. The achievement of an evolved culture can be realized through the persistent efforts of the vital members of the company and including the involvement of all the employees. Everyone must be open for change and accept this change as a positive impact for the company. As consistently established, Organizational Development is a long-term commitment that needs time. It is not something that happens overnight. Culture is a combination not only of the management but also the organization (Brown and Harvey, p. 63). There are companies who are willing to shell out millions of dollars to be able to buy culture. This is only a manifestation of the necessity of culture. There are those who may have spent for brand imaging and public relations among others. But it is still the perception of those who are withi n the company and that which resonates to the public which

Statement of work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statement of work - Essay Example The firm has an annual budget of four million dollars and employs a staff of about 50 employees. Salaries, benefits, and rent constitute nearly 80% of the $4 million dollar budget. Objective The objective is to carry out a financial annual audit of the Purchaser’s resources in accordance with the rules and principles set by the government. Also, the Contractor shall analyze and evaluate the internal control. All the basic financial statements have to be audited by the Contractor that present the Purchaser’s revenues, expenses, and balance. All the currencies shall be expressed in US Dollars including the statements, schedules and the cost rates. Scope The Contractor shall supply all the labor, resources, services that are necessary to perform the annual audit of the Purchaser. An audit of the Purchaser’s financial statements should be performed by the Contractor in accordance with the generally accepted rules and standards laid down by the government for auditing . For the above requirements to be met, the Contractor shall use the guidance provided by the President’s Council to assist the auditing. The Contractor must examine the financial statements that include the revenues received from programs that have been funded by the Purchaser’s company. ... If the financial systems require the application of any information systems then the Contractor shall obtain an understanding of the working of the system considering the internal control and carry out tests to make sure that the system is functioning as intended. In the case of non-operational controls, the Contractor shall also provide evidence to support why any control is not functioning as it should, and shall provide recommendations to improve the system. The above standards shall also be followed by the Contractor while preparing reports including an opinion report, internal control report and reports analyzing the conformity with rules and regulations. Requirements for Financial Audits The Audit Performance: An audit of all the financial statements of the Purchaser’s company shall be performed by the Contractor according to auditing principles laid down by the government and based on the guidance issued by the government relating auditing requirements. The same standar ds shall be followed while preparing reports and other documentations. All the reports shall be incorporated in one Performance Report that shall be received by October 15th, 2013. Documentation: The annual financial audit documentation must include: a) A formal work plan including a schedule for completing the audit at each step, the staff that have been assigned for the audit, and a schedule of the site visits. b) An evaluation of the risks including general risk, control risk, fraud risk and so on. c) The set of audit procedures being followed d) The testing plans e) A memo summarizing the conclusions reached on the findings Internal Control Requirements An understanding of the internal controls shall be acquired in order to plan the audit. A detection risk should be

Equities and Fixed Income Investments Assignment

Equities and Fixed Income Investments - Assignment Example While the analysis of the free cash flow will indicate if the company enjoys an unobstructed flow of cash. The analysis of the free cash flow to equity will indicate if the company is in a position to service the equity holders after clearing all the expenses, reinvestment and repayment of debt. The analysis of the EBITDA indicates the cash flow from the operations (Hatten and Ruhland, 2005). The cash flow from the operations will indicate if able to optimize its operational performance. With the increase in the efficiency of the operations the cash flow of the firm will increase. Table 1: Tabulation of different ratios    2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Gearing ratio 0.95 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 EBITDA 492.2 469.8 497.7 507.4 451 FCFE N/A -86.8 -89.9 -376.6 -162.1 FCFF N/A 252,286.60 239,185.37 220,906.19 2,284,070.11 Source: (Severn Trent Annual Report, 2013) Fig 1: Gearing ratio Source: (Severn Trent Annual Report, 2013) The gearing ratio increased considerably in the last 5 years. This in dicates that Severn Trent increasingly resorted to debt financing. The increase in the debt financing puts Severn Trent in a risky state, since higher the debt, higher the chance of insolvency, if the company is not able to finance the debt with the revenue (Jang and Namkung, 2009). This also indicates that the company has already resorted to huge amount of debt financing Severn Trent is in a highly leveraged position due to the presence of significant percentage of debt in its capital structure. Being in a highly leveraged position indicates that the company has a strong credit score otherwise the investors would not have taken Severn Trent into confidence (Kutner, Nachtsheim and Neter, 2004.). The highly leveraged position of Severn Trent also puts enormous pressure on the company to finance the debts. Fig 2: EBITDA Source: (Severn Trent Annual Report, 2013) The EBITDA does not indicate a linear increasing trend or decreasing trend. It is a mixed trend of intermittent ups and down s. Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization are highest in year 2010, while it is lowest in the year 2009. The increasing trend in the EBITDA is an indication that the company is in a position to finance the interest payments quite efficiently (Miravete, 2003). Although the previous graphs already indicate that the company is already in a highly leveraged state. This means that although the EBITDA shows an increasing trend but the highly leveraged position of the company are putting severe pressure on the EBITDA due to the need to clear the interest payments (Pinhanez, 2001). Fig 3: FCFE Source: (Severn Trent Annual Report, 2013) The free cash flow to equity showing a constant negative trend for the past 4 years, which is a cause of concern. The negative value of the ratio indicates that the company has been suffering cash crunch for the past 4 years. This clearly indicates that the company faced trouble trying to clear the dividend for the equity holders (Stumpf , Dunbar and Mullen, 2001). This is because of the reason that the equity holders are paid only after clearing the expenses for reinvestment and debt repayment. The negative ratio of the free cash flow to the equity shareholders is a clear sign of the fact that the expense due to the reinvestment

The Odyssey Theme Essay Example for Free

The Odyssey Theme Essay The theme of identity had served as a very important device throughout the story of The Odyssey. Basically, The Odyssey narrated the journey of Odysseus, known as one of the greatest mortal who played a very significant part in the Greek Mythology. His story started since the Trojan War period. But his golden period really began after the fall of Troy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the key scenes which affect the journey of Odysseus towards his home was when he successfully played a trick on Polyphemus, son of the sea-god Poseidon. He attacked the creature. When Polyphemus asked to reveal his name, Odysseus said that his name was â€Å"Nobody.† Thus, in the midst of their fight, the creature had only shouted that he was being assaulted by Nobody. The Cyclopes then thought that nobody was attacking him hence they just ignored Polyphemus. He blinded the creature and declared that, â€Å"No one could beat him not even the son of the god.† Poseidon became so angry on Odysseus and swore that he would make it hard for Odysseus to go back home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second important part of the revelation of Odysseus’ identity was when â€Å"†¦ he revealed himself to the Phaeacians after he was mesmerized by Demodocus’ narration of two poems which involved his own experiences during and after the Trojan War.† This was important to Odysseus because upon his revelation that he was the Great Odysseus, the Phaeacians promised to help him on his way home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third key scene was when Odysseus finally met with his son Telemachus. â€Å"Telemachus was with Eumaeus but Odysseus rather kept his true identity to the latter and only disclosed it with Telemachus† thinking that if others would learn about his return, he would have to spend more time planning on how he would be able to return to his home. Thus he decided that his secret should only be between him and his son. After that meeting, the father and son made plans on how to eliminate the abusive suitors of Penelope, Odysseus wife. This plan worked effectively enabling the two to kill all Penelope’s suitors. Thus, Odysseus had finally returned to his family and to his home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Odysseus was regarded as one of the greatest heroes in the Greek Mythology, the themes of identity and the key scenes reported earlier seemed conflicting with how a hero was perceived during the ancient times. He became some kind of boastful and in a way conceited when he declared that he was so great that not even the son of a god could trample him. Another was when he became so emotional and was carried away by the poems of Demodocus. A hero was said to have a heart that was not easily bent. And the last one was when he planned to kill all his wife’s suitors secretly. This seemed to be a traitor’s workings for he did not declare any war against them but instead assassinating them clandestinely. Work Cited Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Faqles. Penguin Classics, 2006.

The Abused Childhood Of Christopher Simmons English Literature Essay

The Abused Childhood Of Christopher Simmons English Literature Essay Christopher Simmons was a disturbed and abused child who committed an awful crime at the age of seventeen. He murdered a woman. His case has major significance to the juvenile justice system. He eliminated the possibility of a juvenile to be sentenced to death. He was sentenced to death row and after multiple appeals and a writ of habeas corpus; his charge was reduced to life in prison without possibility of parole. However, based on the mitigating circumstances of his prior history, the violation of his rights and the ineffective assistance of counsel, his sentence of life in prison does not seem justifiable. Christopher Simmons had a plan. His plan was to commit a burglary, primarily. After he and his friends committed the burglary, he would tie the person up and throw them off a bridge. He was sure he would not get caught due to his age; however things did not turn out as planned. Chris intended on burglarizing a voo-doo man because he was thought to have a lot of money. However their victim turned out to be Shirley Crook. It was September 8, 1993 at two in the morning. Chris Simmons, Brian Moomey, and his friend Benjamin went to Shirleys house. They entered through the back door which was easily opened due to a window being open. As Christopher went throughout the house he went to the bedroom of Shirley Crook. She awoke from bed and Chris recognized her quickly on the account that had gotten into a car accident with prior. Next, Chris went to get duct tape while Benjamin watched over her. Chris then taped Crooks eyes and mouth. She had also been tied with electric cable, leather straps and duct tape. The boys placed her into a mini-van and drive her to a railroad trestle in Castlewood Park located in St. Louis County. There, Simmons bound her hands and feet together, hog-tie fashion, with the electrical cable and covered Mrs. Crooks face completely with duct tape. Simmons then pushed her off the railroad trestle into the river below. Her body was found the next day and Christopher Simmons was arrested . Her cause of death was known to be drowning. Christopher Simmons was picked up by the cops and questioned, but not properly according to the U.S. Constitution. His rights were violated. He was interrogated without advice of counsel or a guardian. Chris confessed, but not all too willingly. Though, he did cooperate, he was forced to confess. He felt as though he had no choice. He was told he must confess or else he would be facing life in prison or the death penalty otherwise. Little did he know that by confessing he would have to face both those sentences. The District Attorney offered Chris a pea bargain to life in prison. Chris declined and the case went to trial. There they had shown a video tape reenactment, of the night Crook was murdered, that Chris performed at the crime scene. A witness testimony that came from his friend stating that it was planned and thus proving there was premeditation which makes any crime a first degree. Simmons moved for the trial court to set aside conviction and sentencing for he had ineffective assistance of counsel however the court denied him. The trial went on and in the end the jury came back with the decision that Simmons was guilty of the charges. The evidence presented was so minimal that at least one member of the jury, that James V. Biundo, a professor at Southeast Missouri State University, was left wondering how it was possible that Simmons, a loving brother and good neighbor, could have participated in such a crime. The jury recommended that Chris Simmons be sentenced to death row. Chris a ppealed and filed for a writ of habeas corpus. His defense attorney never brought up his life at home, only that he was a loving person Chris was a product of abuse and a very broken family. His mother and father divorced and re-married. His living situation was with his mother, Cheryl Hayes, and stepfather, Bob Hayes. He did however keep in contact with his father. His parents divorced when he was just a young kid. When his mother got re-married, she married a man that would abuse Chris to the point of insanity. Bob Hayes had two children of his own, both of which were not treated anywhere as badly as Chris had suffered. He was looked at like a slave. During the evaluation by a psychologist during his sentence, Bob Hayes admitted to tying Chris up to tree while he went fishing, intentionally, so he did not have to watch him or worry of him wandering. There was also witness to Chris getting hit in the ear, by his stepfather, so hard that it drew blood and damaged his ear drum. The same witness, Christie Brooks, also confessed that she saw Chris sob due to the torturous treatment of his stepfather (IJP). Chris was dis ciplined with whoopings and Bob later began to torture Chris about his acne. He would regularly hold him down squeezing all of his pimples until they bled. As for his mother, she felt like a helpless victim as well. She was too afraid to intervene with Bob and Chris and stop the abuse (American Bar Association). Chris also faced drug and alcohol problems. According to a psychologist, given his environment in which Simmons was raised and his familys prior generational history of psychiatric illnesses and substance abuse, which is reported by his family, Christopher Simmons was predisposed to developing a psychiatric illness. When Chris was a teen he drank and smoked weed every day. He also did LSD and shrooms. He turned to drugs and alcohol not only because of bad genes but also because of the lack of support from his family and his need for escape. It was a way to reduce his anxiety. The psychological effects on Christopher of growing up in this alcoholic and abusive environment provide mitigating factors which a jury should have had available when asked to consider why a seventeen year old, with no prior history of violence and no criminal record, would commit a murder such as this. All the evidence of substance abuse and physical and mental abuse was never presented by the defense attorney . If it was, Chris may not have had to face such a harsh sentence. Simmons consistently appealed his case only to have the death penalty upheld. Chris decided to file for a new petition for post conviction relief. The Missouri Supreme Court said a national consensus has developed against the execution of juvenile offenders and therefore was sentenced to life in prison without parole. The state of Missouri appealed the decision to the Supreme Court. When the case was heard in the Supreme Court in 2004, they held that the death penalty to anyone under the age of eighteen would be considered cruel and unusual punishment and thus violates the Eighth Amendment. Chris has changed since he has been in prison. He is known to be model prisoner and he has become part of a religious group in prison. He has also taken part in prevention programs for teens in order to keep them from crimes. In Chriss own words he says: I am definitely sorry for all of the suffering Ive caused people especially the victims, I just wish there was a way to make things right. I wish I could let people know how genuinely Ive had to deal with it for the eight years Ive been in prison and had to look in the mirror everydayI want to continue to help troubled teens, as I once was, and I presently get the opportunity to in a Youth Enlightenment Program that we have here at this prison. I came to death row a messed up, drug addicted, 17-year-old runaway that grew up here in the worst of prison realities. Ive had to wake up every day facing the pain and suffering Ive caused others. In conclusion, the case of Christopher Simmons has many different turns. It seems to be an unfair story starting with his arrest. His due process rights were violated and so he incriminated himself. That led to a court case that wasnt handled correctly by the defense. A defense lawyer led to Chriss sentence on death row. Thankfully, his sentence was overturned and he was sentenced to life in prison due to Supreme Court Case, Roper v. Simmons, where the sentence of a juvenile to death was considered unconstitutional. However Christopher Simmons case should of been appealed, re-tried with a better lawyer and gotten a more lenient sentence to begin with. Because of his abuse and background, he could have gotten help from psychologists and hopefully released from prison to be a functional member of society instead of a functional member of prison.

Marketing Strategies for SMEs Based on Product Life Cycle

Marketing Strategies for SMEs Based on Product Life Cycle Introduction: The journal article I have selected for my assignment is the MARKETING STRATEGIES OF SMEs BASED ON PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE A STUDY AMONG SMEs IN KOSOVO by Professor Bekim Marmullaku taken from the International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management published in the United Kingdom on 9th September 2015 (http://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/3937.pdf) . The article has given me a unique insight into the practical aspects of marketing strategy implementation in a real world context. It has helped illustrate various instances of convergence as well as divergence from the marketing theory studied in class from the practical circumstances surrounding strategy implementation. It deals systematically from our understanding of the Product Life Cycle Model (PLC), which as stated in the paper is widely adopted by the Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of Kosovo, and analyses its stage by stage execution and management in this real-life setting. Â   Â   Key Points of the Article The paper builds upon theory and goes into the application of marketing models in general and the PLC model in specific, in marketing strategies adopted by SMEs in Kosovo. As per theory, we study the PLC almost as an industry standard as one of the prominent frameworks in marketing that influences strategy. The model in principal dwells down to the various stages a product goes through (figure 1) following product development and commercialisation. As traditional PLC theory specifies the stages as introduction, growth, maturity and decline; Professor Marmullaku studies these specific stages in the context of their practical implications for SMEs in Kosovo. The introduction stage is unique in that it is the stage subject to the most difficulties in strategy implementation. Marmullaku analyses that SMEs at this stage are most vulnerable as it is the point where the product has been investment intensive and not as yet churning over as much returns. Therefore for SMEs that do not have as deep pockets, the smallest toe out of line can deem to be critically damaging for the business. He argues the lack of innovation is unable to win the distributors and the general environment is not conducive enough in Kosovo to propagate great chances of success at this stage of marketing. This is courtesy of a number of socio-political and economic conditions including the lack of financial capital, malpractices, market specific circumstances and other external factors. Professor Marmullaku explains the market specific dynamics of a copy-cat culture amongst Kosovo SMEs has particularly impacted marketing strategy implementation. The premature reduction of the prices charged by the SME products in the growth phase of the PLC is a direct result of this as well as other competition from larger firms operating at greater economies of scale. This is usually coupled with premature product expansion response by SMEs in a desperate bid to differentiate and retain profits because imitators are quick to launch substitutes. Also, the difficulty in practice in accurately identifying the very phase of the PLC the product is going through further exasperates the problem. Furthermore, adhering to theoretical expectations of strategy when products are at maturity, Marmullaku explains that SMEs in Kosovo that are serious about the product and the business continue to bear advertising costs even at this stage in a bid to maintain market share to hold on to customer base whilst the others present in this market are inclined to leave with the falling profits. The author argues that by the time the decline phase arrives, most firms in Kosovo dont have much appetite for prolonging the products. Only a few SMEs that are prominent and have the financial might may indulge in tampering with the marketing mix further but not to a large extent due to the specific socio-economic and political obstacles in Kosovo including factors such as the availability of technology; the absorption po tential of the general market; as well as other critical external factors. The Rationale for Selecting this Paper and its Contribution to Marketing Theory and Practise The rationale for selecting this paper is in principle that it systematically puts a context to the PLC theory we studied in class and analyses it. It illustrates the application of the PLC model in a real-life setting, its successes as well as its failures, how it is relevant and to what extent it is not. Ones understanding of marketing and the PLC model matures a great deal after reading this paper as one learns to appreciate that there are a host of impediments in the real world setting as every scenario is different. Textbook models and theory do tend to be idealistic but nonetheless give a general sense of the way to go about. In practise, Professor Marmullakus work implies how marketing strategies are not homogenous in how they are implemented by firms across different geographical markets. For instance, he states how it is not uncommon for firms in Kosovo to latch onto one marketing strategy model such as the Product Life Cycle Model and not pay sway to other theoretical tools used in more advanced markets. This is principle can ignite ones appreciation of market to market dynamics on a case to case basis. Yoon wrote a great piece in the Harvard Business Review (HBR) in which he whilst appreciating the deferring nature of different markets stated more emphasis in strategy be placed on demand as opposed to the demographics when specifically catering to the culture of these different markets (Eddie Yoon, 2015). Marmullaku implies the pivotal role of innovation in PLC management and its lack thereof in the setting of Kosovo inhibits marketing policy. The importance of innovation in managing the PLC is also shared by the works of other research in marketing. It stresses that the changing taste of consumers in the various product offer levels across the cycle can be held into check by innovation (Gecevska, et al., 2010). The availability and access to technology is argued to be pivotal in managing the PLC as it assists innovation. The absence of this as seen in Kosvo can also perverse the very course of a product takes through the PLC. Technology therefore as a facilitator of product development and hence also PLC management is vital. Research in marketing has gone some way to appreciate how technological advances have simplified and sped up the process in the product development model (Morrel, 2015). Marmullakus emphasis on the importance of firms being financially sound in successfully executing a marketing strategy across the different stages is also enlightening. This is stressed as a key component of success particularly in the initial vulnerable introduction stages where the firm would have invested in the new product development stages. It is also implied how the general law and order as well as property rights as external factors are instrumental in marketing policy implementation. The me too.. culture in Kosovo is a prime example of this where the absence of patent protection forms a market that is not conducive to marketing strategy implementation. As stated by Professor Marmullaku, it harms the marketing strategy adopted by firms to the extent of forcing premature policy that is not in theoretical accordance to the stage the product is at in the PLC. The writ of the law and patents therefore in developed markets are used of a means of credible deterrence and go hand in hand with facilitating marketing goal ends (Russ Krajec , n.d.). Furthermore Professor Marmullakus appreciation of the scope of marketing strategy being limited to the nature of the specific market including but not limited to its absorption potential and the degree of international trade is particularly insightful. This is not to say that the specifics of the particular business such as its size and its location do not too play a crucial role. Professor Marmullaku sheds light on the difficulty in practically assessing the effects of different marketing strategies in the long-term. However it is interesting to note as Dhalla stated decades ago in the HBR of the then upcoming development of new econometric techniques for use in marketing to assess the secluded impacts of advertising and its payoffs over time (Dhalla, 1978). These techniques in this day and age are now widely deployed in many facets of strategy building such as using marketing mix modelling (Market Science Consulting, 2013) though naturally one would not expect such tools to be used due to the limitations in less developed markets as is the case in Kosovo. Finally, Professor Marmullakus recommendation of adopting a marketing strategy of focussing on specific products as well as differentiating strategies to differ from copy-cat competitors is innovative. This strategy in principle can be replicated in any relatively undisciplined market environment of the sort found in Kosovo as a means of circumventing the obstacles the PLC faces. Conclusion Professor Marmullakus work provided an invaluable insight in putting theory into context. It illustrates the application of the PLC in Kosovo that diverges away from idealistic textbook scenarios. His work particularly increases ones appreciation of the critical impact of external market characteristics stemming from the socio-political and economic context on the success of marketing strategy. One can take away that the application of marketing strategy should be tailored to the requirements of a market on a case to case basis and as discussed he has come up with an array of viable recommendations to this effect in his study of SMEs in Kosovo. References Anon., 2011. Product Life Cycle Stages. [Online] Available at: http://productlifecyclestages.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/product-life-cycle-stages.jpg Dhalla, N. K., 1978. Assessing the Long-Term Value of Advertising. Harvard Business Review. Eddie Yoon, 2015. The Mistake Companies Make When Marketing to Different Cultures. Harvard Business Review . Gecevska, V. et al., 2010. Product lifecycle management through innovative and competitive business environment. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management. Market Science Consulting, 2013. Econometrics in marketing mix modelling. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketscienceconsulting.com/econometrics-in-marketing-mix-modelling/ Morrel, L., 2015. Technology could speed up new product development. marketingtechnew, 1 December. Russ Krajec , n.d. Advertising and Marketing Uses for Patents and the Deterrent Factor. [Online] Available at: http://krajec.com/advertising-and-marketing-uses-for-patents-and-the-deterrent-factor/

Letter to President Coolidge :: essays research papers

President Coolidge:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although some people believe that we, as a country, don’t have enough room for all these hard working immigrants, there comes a time when we need to realize the real basis of this country. We are all immigrants, in our own way, some of us may have been born here, but we do not all come from here. We all have ancestors that come from somewhere in Europe, or somewhere else. No one is a natural citizen except perhaps the Native Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To not grant someone entrance into our great nation is not only unethical, and immoral, but also unconstitutional. Everyone deserves his or her fair chance. The real questions when talking about the Immigration Act is, do we take the risk, do we let these people into our country and let them become free, or do we just shoot them down and tell them that they have to live there lives with religious persecution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we do not let theses people in the America, the great nation, than we are in a way not letting people become free. We are preventing people from living the lives they want to live. Most of all we are feeding communism, and foreign army’s with people that want to live in the Americas but we wont let them. Think of all the people that would come and live in America, the United States of America, The Land of The Free, and join our Army, our Air Force, our Navy, and our Marine Core. Talk about one great nation. Think of all the farm hands, all the people striving to make a living by helping in anyway they can.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When it comes time to make a decision, I hope that you consider these factors. And see how great of a nation we may become with these immigrants that just want a chance.

How Far Will Microsoft Get? :: essays research papers

How Far Will Microsoft Get?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first question that we must ask is, â€Å"How dangerous is Microsoft?† There are two chief groups as the objects of that question – that of Microsoft’s product consumers and that of Microsoft’s competitors. A distinction must be made between the two when answering such a question due to the extreme differences between both. Whether a decision or action made by Microsoft is beneficial or not to one of the two does not mean that it’s true for the other. Often times the opposite is true. In fact, most consumers barely regard Microsoft as the dangerous monsters some view them to be. What Microsoft leads their consumers to believe is that their product is superior, and more affordable. Many competitors have voiced cries of monopolistic abuse saying that Microsoft unfairly exploits it’s ownership of the personal computer operating system. One of the main complaints they have is with the Microsoft ownership of the actual base operating system of all Windows computers: MS-DOS. Bill Gates, the chairman and co-founder of Microsoft, has done an excellent job of hiding DOS behind his company’s Windows software. Together, DOS and Windows have had an incredible influence on the computer world taking almost 95% of the personal computers on the market. Because of Microsoft’s dominance in these two areas of personal computing the company receives an advantage that is essential in determining the danger Microsoft exhibits toward their competitors. Bill Gates tightened his grasp on the industry through an ingenious deal he made with PC producers. In the contract, Gates is guaranteed payment for every computer shipped, regardless of whether or not his operating system was installed in the computer. Thus, without paying double, the manufacturers could not install another company’s operating system -- therefore Microsoft was awarded a near monopoly. The title to these two programs, especially Wind ows, provides Microsoft with an unrestricted and exclusive median to promote, feature, and offer its programs. Offering its programs as pre-installed applications of Windows software allows Microsoft to seize a large portion of the software market, especially in the word-processing and spreadsheet division where Microsoft presents its Word and Excel programs. These two applications have been incorporated, along with others, into a package known as Microsoft Office. With this program, Microsoft has captured ninety percent of that market. Furthermore, because Microsoft controls the operating system of the PC, its competitors must render their applications and software compatible with the parameters contrived by Microsoft.

Richard P. Feynman :: Physics Biography Biographies

Richard P. Feynman Early Life Richard was born on May 11th, 1918 in New York City, the first son of Melville and Lucille Feynman. He enjoyed science and mathematics from a early age, most of which he took it upon himself to learn before it was taught in school. His primary source for self-learning was the Encyclopedia Britannica and a lab that he set up in his room at home. In this lab he dabbled in electronics, whether it was repairing the radio or just making some circuits. In high school, Feynman was ahead in physics and mathematics, already a master of differential equations, trigonometry, and other high levels of calculus, but he was lacking in his other subjects, such as English and history. Feynman applied to many schools, but was turned down either because of his lacking social science grades, or because he was a Jew. Massachusetts Institute of Technology accepted him readily though, as one would expect being a top scientific school even then, and he set out to major in mathematics, though this changed several times. Feynman was not satisified by doing mathematics without an end purpose, and so he eventually ended up in the field of physics, more specifically interested in quantum physics. Richard received his BS from MIT in 1939, four years after entering college, and went on to receive his PhD at Princeton. World War 2 After college is when Feynman really started to shine in his field. In 1942 he was asked to join the team that developed the atomic bomb in Los Alamos and Princeton. At first, he said no to helping to create a weapon of such mass destruction... until he thought about how Hitler probably would have no qualms in making a atom bomb. Richard was key in developing safe means to separate various radioactive materials and also ways to test what amount of uranium would be needed to achieve critical mass that did not require large scale detonations. Major contributions to Physics After World War II, and a brief respite from doing research, Feynman resumed where he had left off before the war with quantum physics. He worked on several projects over the next few decades, achieving successes in most of them. He and another physicist worked together to test and prove their theory on "weak decay," about how it occurs, what are the results of it, etc. His largest gift was his diagrams that describe the way that particles act in a certain system and tells one how to express this movement in mathematics, thus through a simple diagram one could analyze complex atomic interactions.

Chartism Essay

The working class in Britain was a class that made up the majority of the poplulation, but did not have representtation in the British government. This lack of representation led them to have horrible working conditions, low wages, and widespread poverty throughout the working classes. The people became frusterated and during the 1830’s and 1840’s a new movement, Chartism, came about to solve their problems. Chartism was an attempt to link the economic plight of the working to a program of political reform. The Chartist movement is a complex movement that is viewed as both revolutionary by the Physical Force Chartists and the Middle Class, it is viewed as moderate by the Moral Force Chartists and the Traditional Rulling Classes. The Physical Force Chartists were a small group of working class individuals that were willing to do anything to get political rights. The political rights they wanted were listed in the â€Å"People’s Charter†and called for universal manhood suffrage, annual parliament elections, a secret ballot, no property requirements for parliament, equal representation, and payment for the members of parliament (Doc1). The physical force chartists wanted these rights so bad that they would do anything, such as viloence to obtain them. Physical force chartists saw other chartists that were not willing to work and implement the â€Å"People’s Charter† no matter at what cost as lazy, and an impedement to the movement suceeding, going as far to say if these people in the city do not work everything else is useless (Doc4). This lack of establishment of the moral forces most likely did lead to their demise because if action and authority were not expressed, the movement would be and did, become recognized as a puny and unthreatening movement by the ruling classes. The ruling classes saw the movement as so unthreatening they released the Physical Force leader, Feargus O’Conner, the â€Å"terror to tyrants† from jail (Doc5). After being released from jail, Feargus O’Conner attended a meeting that called for a general strike that would cripple the British economy, but lead them closer to political rights (Doc6). The year The Communist Manefesto was published, and the year of the French Revolution, the Physical Force Chartists took inspiration to call for a working class revolution. They intentionally used the French Revolution because they believed it would create an essence of fear. They start the article with â€Å"Glory to the Proletarians†and this statement directly calls for a European style working class revolution (Doc8). This revolution never succeeded, and was the fall of the Chartist movement. Moral Force Chartists were the more moderate working class individuals that wanted to use more â€Å"mainstream† ways to gain political rights. One â€Å"mainstream†way of obtaining their rights were to pass the â€Å"People’s Charter† through parliament instead of using force to gain the listed arguements. Another differentiating view of theirs was the definition of Universal Manhood Suffrage. They saw this right as having, â€Å"a right to have a good coat to his back, a comfortable abode in which to shelter himself and his family, a good dinner upon his table, and as much wages for that work as would keep him in plenty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Doc2). So, their views were far more moderate and humble than that of the Physical Force Chartists, all they wanted was a fair share of life. The Moral Chartists saw physical force as a right to the Constitution, based upon Two Treatises of Government by John Locke, they considered the worst thing short of the right to vote is violence (Doc3). The Moral Force Chartists mimick the high-class, namely the middle class, of British society. They host tea parties sand balls and this shows how moderate they are. The Moral Chartists caused the chartist movement to be considered unthreatening, and eventually caused its demise. The Traditional Ruling class of Britain (landowners, the Prime Minister, and the monarchy) are basically uneffected by the chartist movement and because of this consider it unthreatening and very moderate. They were not afraid, even of the physical force chartist leader, Feargus O’Conner, who they released from jail (Doc5). The Chief of Police at the time even let massive Chartist meetings to occur, showing even more how they were not considered as a threat (Doc10). The Traditional Class saw the demands of the chartists as radical, but because they showed no indications of violence, saw their actions as very moderate. They even knew that any actions committed would not be by the masses, but rather the individual because of lack of communication and resolve(Doc10). So, overall the Traditional Class viewed the chartists as a movement based upon revolution, but acted upon in moderation. The Middle Class viewed the Chartist movement as a threatening and extremely radical movement. The Middle Class viewed the working classes as violent, upon the basis of the French Revolution. They saw the working classes as radical because they wanted to gain rights, that they had fought for, and just barely gained. The Middle Class was in panic, and expected a revolution because they believe that the chartists are determined to have their wishes granted (Doc9). The Middle Class would also consider the working classes as radical because of the people involved in their movement, more specifically women (Doc7). Women had no rights and are at this time, in higher classes, nothing more than a wealth status. They are barely educated and stay at home, doing nothing because even the kids were taken care of by a nanny and the food was cooked by a cook. So, the Middle Class could not fathom why women should vote, and questioned their ability to vote. The Middle Class viewed the Working Class as a violent threat to themselves and to England’s stability.

Gandhi the educator

Gandhi was a prolific writer. One of Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind SwaraJ, published in Gujarati in 1909, is recognised[by whom? ] as the intellectual blueprint of India's freedom movement. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read â€Å"No Rights Reserved†. [206] For decades he edited several newspapers including Harijan in Gujarati, in Hindi and in the English language; Indian Opinion while in South Africa and, Young India, in English, and NavaJivan, a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India.Later, Nava]ivan was also published in Hindi. In addition, he wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers. [207] Gandhi also wrote several books including his autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth (GuJar ¤ti â€Å"acuu our-us-ed†), of which he bought the entire first edition to make sure it was reprinted. [77] His other autobiographies included: Satyagraha in South Africa about his struggle ther e, Hind SwaraJ or Indian Home Rule, a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of John Ruskin's Unto This Last. 208] This last essay can be considered his programme on economics. He also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, ocial reforms, etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarat', though he also revised the Hindi and English translations of his books. [209] Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1960s. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published In about a hundred volumes.In 2000, a revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as It constituted large number of errors and omissions. [210] The Indian government later withdrew the revised edition Concrete Definition to Alms, Goals and Objectives of Education : If education Is the foundation of all growth and progress, then alms, goals and objectives are the four Interconnected and most significant co mponents that gives direction to educational outcomes through the curricular content, syllabus and evaluations.These four components are highly Influenced by four Interconnected foundation blocks namely, epistemology (the nature of knowledge), society/culture, the Individual, and learning theories (Zals, 1976). But since alms, goals, and objectives, collectively as a component of curriculum provide direction and focus for the ntire education programme, they are particularly sensitive to these four fundamental forces. It was GandhlJl, who In 1937 first recognized the Interconnectedness of the eight curricular forces and questioned the futlllty of the British education system.Based on his wisdom and successful experiments with education In soutn ATrlca, ne put Tortn a Baslc toucatlon Plan which had the merit of achieving one aim of peace and freedom, for which all mankind yearns today. Also, recognizing the futility of a centralized plan and control in implementing programmes, he also utlined a comprehensive but decentralized model to be implemented by the village Republics. The vital objective of his model was to develop productive and social skills among the masses.To the centre, remained the overall responsibilities of coordinating and guiding the work of the states so that national policies could evolve from the grassroots. The Basic Philosophy (a) True education is all-round development of the faculties, best attained through action. It bases itself on the fact that knowledge and understanding develop in relation to problems set right by action. Information thrust on the mind only urdens the memory and causes intellectual indigestion, casting learning into oblivion. b) Education must be concrete and inter connected, not abstract or given in isolated sections. Concrete education allows the learner to manipulate problems or sets of problems and study their relationships, character and artistic sense. It allows the mind, heart, hand and eyes to work simultaneo usly in a correlated manner, resulting in a harmonious and well-balanced personality. (c) Education must be imparted in the child's mother tongue and organically connected with the child's Social and Cultural environment. Gandhi the Educator Gandhi was a prolific writer. One of Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind Swaraj, published in Gujarati in 1909, is recognised as the intellectual blueprint of India's freedom movement. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read â€Å"No Rights Reserved†.   For decades he edited several newspapers including Harijan in Gujarati, in Hindi and in the English language; Indian Opinion while in South Africa and, Young India, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India.Later, Navajivan was also published in Hindi. In addition, he wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers. Gandhi also wrote several books including his autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth (GujarÄ tÄ « â€Å"à ª ¸Ã  ª ¤Ã  « Ã  ª ¯Ã  ª ¨Ã  ª ¾ à ª ªÃ  « Ã  ª °Ã  ª ¯Ã  «â€¹Ã  ªâ€"à «â€¹ à ªâ€¦Ã  ª ¥Ã  ª µÃ  ª ¾ à ªâ€ Ã  ª ¤Ã  « Ã  ª ®Ã  ªâ€¢Ã  ª ¥Ã  ª ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ), of which he bought the entire first edition to make sure it was reprinted.His other autobiographies included: Satyagraha in South Africa about his struggle there, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of John Ruskin's Unto This Last.   This last essay can be considered his programme on economics. He also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms, etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarati, though he also revised the Hindi and English translations of his books.Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1960s. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published in about a hundred volumes. In 2000, a revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as it constituted large number of errors and omissions. The Indian government later withdrew the revised edition Concrete Definition to Aims, Goals and Objectives of Education :If education is the foundation of all growth and progress, then aims, goals and objectives are the four interconnected and most significant components that gives direction to educational outcomes through the curricular content, syllabus and evaluations.These four components are highly influenced by four interconnected foundation blocks namely, epistemology (the nature of knowledge), society/culture, the individual, and learning theories (Zais, 1976). But since aims,  goals, and objectives, collectively as a component of curriculum provide direction and focus for the entire education programme, they are particularly sensitive to these four fundamental forces. It was Gandhiji, who in 1937 first recognized the interconnectedness of the eight curricular forces and questioned the futility of the British education system. Based on his wisdom and successful experiments with education in South Africa, he put forth a Basic Education Plan which had the merit of achieving one aim of peace  and freedom, for which all mankind ye arns today.Also, recognizing the futility of a centralized plan and control in implementing programmes, he also outlined a comprehensive but decentralized model to be implemented by the village Republics. The vital objective of his model was to develop productive and social skills among the masses. To the centre, remained the overall responsibilities of coordinating and guiding the work of the states so that national policies could evolve from the grassroots.The Basic Philosophy(a) True education is all-round development of the faculties, best attained through action. It bases itself on the fact that knowledge and understanding develop in relation to problems set right by action. Information thrust on the mind only burdens the memory and causes intellectual indigestion, casting learning into oblivion.(b) Education must be concrete and inter connected, not abstract or given in isolated sections.  Concrete education allows the learner to manipulate problems or sets of problems and s tudy their relationships, character and artistic sense. It allows the mind, heart, hand and eyes to work simultaneously in a correlated manner, resulting in a harmonious and well-balanced personality.(c) Education must be imparted in the child's mother tongue and organically connected with the child's Social and Cultural environment.

Ideology Affects The Way Literature Is Read English Literature Essay

Literature in Marxism is perceived as something which is profoundly influenced by the civilization and society in which the writer is populating in. Therefore literature is seen as a merchandise from civilization which means that the writer is affected by the environment and the external elements environing him. In the same manner one reader differs from the other because he or she is besides affected by the societal milieus. Furthermore, Marxists, and subsequently on Structuralists, believe that because literature is experienced harmonizing to 1s attitude and rules of society, literature is ‘ideologically impregnated by its societal placement ‘ .[ 1 ]Lois Althusser has played an of import function in the shaping of political orientation in literature with of import essays such as his 1970 essay entitled Reading â€Å" Capital † and another more of import essay in the field of political orientation entitled Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses ( 1970 ) . Othe rs like Roland Barthes besides helped specifying the function of political orientation when reading literature particularly with the outstanding essay entitled The Death of the Author, published in 1967. Early Marxists believed in the thought that literature is non simply merely a creative activity but it is a production. The difference between the two is that by ‘creating ‘ one is explicating something out of nil whilst on the other manus, by ‘production ‘ , the creative person is bring forthing something out of other stuffs which is where the societal and political context comes in. In Marxism there is an on-going dualism between the impression of the base and the impression of the superstructure. This dualism is understood in multiple ways by different critics such as Althusser. The superstructure, harmonizing to Marxism, is made up of those institutes which surround us as one of base and therefore of pure contemplation. On the contrary the base which is that which determines society is one of economic dealingss. Harmonizing to Marxists it is the superstructure which in itself includes art and therefore literature which enforces the ways of production. In c ontrast to this, another sort of dualism is a contrast between imminency and the thought of committed literature. The thought that art is written for art ‘s interest suggests that what is literary is in world internal for the text and therefore it reinforces the thought that what is of import is what happens inside the text and non what can be instantly seen on first glimpse. Therefore the literary is found behind the written words, what is left unwritten by the writer and this must be found out by the reader himself. The theory so moves on from one of superstructures to that of an political orientation. Subsequently on Marxism developed into Structuralism, in which the construction is favoured over the topic itself which has been developed by theoreticians such as Louis Althusser and Pierre Macherey to reason against the experiential philosophical ways of theoreticians like Georg Lukas and Jean-Paul Sartre.[ 2 ]With Structuralism, the issues of the function of the authors com es into inquiry and the aesthetic creative activity is so seen as one which promises a better hereafter and therefore literature and art become something which underline the endowments of the creative person instead than something which divides people and turns them against one another. It becomes a promise for a better hereafter.[ 3 ]Structuralists move off from the Hegelian problematic and on the other manus they move towards grouping literature with other diverse activities which are productive. They refuse to split the existent off from representation in literature. Literature is now seen as on the one manus, a produced object and on the other manus as a consequence of the societal production and the definition of the existent becomes dependent on the environment in which it was produced and this is where the impression of political orientation comes in. Ideology has become a cardinal construct in Marxists ‘ theoreticians ‘ plants and unfavorable judgment about art and literature. Marxists see ideology more than merely the survey of thoughts but they see it as an mentality of life. The Bourgeois political orientation is regarded by Marxists as constructing and infusing establishments in society and in civilizations which besides include literature and different signifiers of art. Ideology, peculiarly to Structuralists, becomes an imperative issue, particularly to the manner in how one can speak about political orientation in a non-ideological manner. At first Marxists see the word political orientation in a negative visible radiation due to the fact that they associate the word with ‘false consciousness ‘ .[ 4 ]Marxists see political orientation as a method employed by the dominant categories to forestall subsidiaries from gaining the true nature of things and alter them to their ain benefits. Therefore as a a gency of concealing the truth and maintaining the governing power over the inferior categories from obtaining their rightful civil autonomies. But so in the 1960 ‘s, Althusser changed the construct of political orientation being a sort of false consciousness with his essay Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses ( 1970 ) . In this essay Althusser argues that society must foremost be divided into different â€Å" ideological province setups † instead than be viewed as a whole. He argues that instead than false consciousness, the political orientations vary harmonizing to each province setup. Althusser sees literature as being one of these province setups since literature does non show merely one sort of political orientation but it varies harmonizing to the text. He states that interpellation takes topographic point instead than societal consciousness and this means that the human being is made up of the established constructions in society such as the mass media and literature in which the representations seen in it consist of the looks of mundane worlds. Therefore, political orientation, harmonizing to Althusser, is made up of both the existent and the fanciful since it is existent because it shows how people truly live their mundane life in conformity with society and its spheres but fanciful because it does non offer a full apprehension of the ways of how people are constituted in these societal worlds.[ 5 ]At the same clip when people read a realist text they can associate to it and when characters are portrayed as being free, the text will interpellate the readers to believe that they are free as good. Thus, realist novels work in the same manner as political orientation does ; by turn toing the readers and as a consequence doing them believe the ideological vision that they are portraying. Althusser discusses the interpellation of the topic in relation to political orientation. Harmonizing to Althusser, both the author and the reader are topics and therefore they both become ideological topics because both of them live ‘spontaneously ‘ .[ 6 ]The linguistic communication so has its ain function in the interpellation as to show the human being as unified, independent, subjectiveness.[ 7 ]Althusser uses the illustration of the authoritative pragmatism since it is a extremely popular genre in different countries of humanistic disciplines, in peculiar, in literature. Althusser uses this genre because in itself it is a topic which shows non merely the political orientation of the true representation of world in add-on the apprehension of the state of affairs of topic.[ 8 ]In the nineteenth century, the impression of the writer fostering off from the text he has written was going even more dominant, particularly in realistic fiction. In the authoritative realist n ovels the truth is shown, but non told since the reader has the undertaking of happening it out for him or her ego. This can be seen in diverse novels in the genre such as those written by Defoe and Hardy. In these novels the reader is interpellated as the topic since he has the undertaking of make up one's minding and happening out the truth, which in itself, is an ideological pattern. Thus significances change consequently to a individual ‘s political orientation. Belsey argues that classical pragmatism follows the same cyclical form in most novels. This includes a sort of upset which is encapsulated in a narrative of for illustration love or slaying. But at the terminal the narrative ever reaches an stoping which the reader in some manner or the other expects and hence order is restored. This can be found in novels such as Jane Eyre, where order is restored as Jane and Mr Rochester ‘s look of love makes its full circle. This, harmonizing to Belsey, is non found in his tory since it is narrated in an impersonal mode and there is no defined talker, whilst in narrative the talker is defined as a topic and the reader relates to this voice. The narrative in fact unfolds through this interpellation between the reader and the writer and through this communicating ; the topics portion the significances of the work through political orientation. Belsey besides argues that in classical pragmatism, the reader is in a manner delighting his ain self-importance by placing and positioning himself in the function of the supporter. Belsey states that this interpellation between the reader and the writer is non merely done in the 3rd all-knowing narration but besides in the first storyteller since the reader besides gets the opportunity to associate to the supporter in inquiry. But the 3rd narrative allows the reader to explicate the stoping of the narrative before it is written. Therefore the reader as a topic himself is in a place of subjectiveness and therefore in an ideological place. But at the same clip, to decline this place, is in itself an ideological pick.[ 9 ] Althusser negotiations about how a individual can non hold a complete indifferent read since it is really hard to avoid doing givens and ideas which may prejudice the reading in many ways. For that ground the reading is different from one individual to another and it is ne'er impersonal because it is affected by the societal milieus. Althusser besides argues that behind the text that one can see in a book or in any literary signifier which he calls ‘explicit discourse ‘ there is ever the underlying, unobserved, ‘silent discourse ‘ , which the writer is non cognizant of and so it is the undertaking of the reader to happen it out.[ 10 ]This ‘silent discourse ‘ is hence the elements which affected the writer unconsciously in clip of composing the text. Hence Althusser proposes that when reading, one must abandon what the writer had intended for him or her to read and understand and alternatively acknowledge the implicit in ‘silence ‘ which it conceals in itself. This system is called the ‘symptomatic reading ‘ , in which by governing out the construction of the statement, one uncovers the ideological constructions of the text. Althusser argues that the writer ‘s sentiment is non the lone one which can be given to the text because each reader has a different background with different signifiers of political orientations and each one of these may impact the manner the novel is read. For illustration people may come from different civilizations with different traditions from those of the writer and as a effect the readings of the fresh alteration. Consequently, Althusser is against the thought of empiricist philosophy, which is to understand the novel or text by direct scrutiny. Empiricists besides believe that intending comes from experience instead than congenital traditions and thoughts which affect the manner the novel is read. Althusser argues that the political orientation within every human bein g affects his manner of comprehending a novel or a work of art. Catherine Belsey, agrees with Althusser and provinces that political orientation is something indispensable which can non be discarded with a individual idea since it is steadfastly positioned inside every individual individual. She besides argues that political orientation is what makes ‘concrete persons as topics ‘[ 11 ]and therefore it affects us continuously. Althusser argues that significance is created by the reader instead than discovered and this is done through the apprehension of the unconscious of the writer at the clip of composing the novel and by the pattern which takes topographic point when reading the text[ 12 ]which ‘sets to work, in a specific construction ‘[ 13 ]. Althusser references four types of pattern which are the economic, political, ideological and theoretical. The ideological pattern takes up a novel or a text and gives it a whole new significance and this is done through the societal agencies which give it a new point of view and position. In Althusser, the ideological pattern refers to the diverse and composite ways in which a piece of art and literature ‘s significance is modified harmonizing to the day-to-day actions of a peculiar individual. Therefore when one states that something is ‘ideological ‘ , it involves in the inactive imitation of the misguided beliefs about the nature of societal world. Sometimes person takes a place which may look as incoherent and conflicting, but one must understand that it might hold non been seen in this manner when the place was taken because political orientation is rich in contradictions but which at the same clip, they underpin it and give it intending.[ 14 ] In the same manner Roland Barthes argues that Bourgeoisie composing can non be guiltless since one can non compose without zero prejudice in head. Barthes argues that all the written texts are in some manner or another ideologically charged. He states that in authorship, the writer is in some manner or another, ideologically tinged since when one is composing, he or she already has an political orientation which is soundless and which naturalises the attitudes of the dominant category. Barthes agrees with Althusser by stating that the soundless political orientation is a soundless mode of pass oning to the reader. He developed the thought that literature is non guiltless since it contains political orientation and hegemony because in the writer there is ever an ideological angle which affects what he writes or what he should n't compose. Barthes besides argues that the political orientation is linked with political relations and faith and the author makes usage of literature as a age ncy of bring forthing another thought. Literature after the Second World War had to be committed and one could non compose literature in a vacuity any longer. This is seen in George Orwell ‘s Animal Farm ( 1945 ) which is non merely a fable but a manner of conveying to the populace an consciousness of the category war between the in-between categories and the dominant categories. In reacting to a text by reading it, the reader is naturalizing something which may non be natural and the power of the opinion category is exerted in a manner such as it naturalises itself. Literature is hence a series of codifications which have to be understood since literature is portion if a codification and the reader encodes literature in order to do it a societal event. This theory goes manus in manus and has been developed from Saussure ‘s theory of the signified and the form which Barthes besides takes on to explicate how literature is made up. Roland Barthes ‘s most influential essay in the field of literature is entitled Death of the Author ( 1968 ) whom he explained as the figure shaped by critical discourse in order to restrict the readings in the manner of reading a literary text.[ 15 ]This essay is perceived as revolutionist in the spirit of revolution of the clip and it becomes a cardinal text which marks the alteration from Structuralism to Post-Structuralism. Barthes negotiations about and disagrees with the thought of the writer as a God since he creates the work out of nil, merely like God. He says that one can non let the writer to presume the function of God in literature but besides in art in general. Barthes is hence taking the function of the writer who imposes thoughts and beliefs on the reader and hence a bound to how the text is read. He believes in destabilizing the impression of the writer as the beginning of the text since the text exists independently off the writer and hence Barthes allows infi nite for the reader. He argues that one time the writer is removed from the text the reader becomes the critic and hence the decease of the writer resuscitates the reader and his thoughts. By making this Barthes is interrupting down the hegemony of the middle class author and hence the changeless political orientation which is traveling on must be realised. In the same manner as Althusser, he argues that political orientation is ever present and one must non acquire off from it but allow it assist him or her create his ain readings. By canceling the writer the reader or the translator now, merely like the writer, has all the traditional properties of inaugural removed and is transformed in the impersonal pattern of reading. What he or she is reading can non no longer be called ‘work ‘ but it becomes a ‘text ‘ since the word ‘work ‘ may bespeak the engagement of another individual in making it whilst the word ‘text ‘ does non give a sen se of individualism.[ 16 ]Althusser agrees with the thought of the decease of the writer by believing that the significance of a text is to be produced through a diagnostic analysis. The writer becomes a map of political orientation by interpellating the persons as topics.[ 17 ]Therefore one has to wholly dehumanize the text and turn it into something which involves no human attempt in making it, therefore ‘unseen problematics ‘ .[ 18 ] Therefore theoreticians like Althusser and Barthes show how ideology affects the manner of how a text is read by the reader. Both theoreticians agree that political orientation can non be eliminated when reading a text since it is necessarily found in each person and for that ground it affects the manner literature is read otherwise by diverse individuals with different political orientations.

The Detailed Examination of the Arabs in Israel

While the nation is aware of the indignities that were forced upon the African Americans who resided in this country at the beginning of the 18th century, few people realize that similar discrimination practices are going on all over the world. One of the most prevelant examples of discrimination currently is happening in Israel against the Arabs. Arabs are being discriminated in ways that impact their ability to live a life of freedom and comfort. The plight of Arabs in Israel is very similar to what the African Americans experienced in America during the first years of the 20th century. â€Å"Few questions challenge us to consider 380 years of history all at once, to tunnel inside our souls to discover what we truly believe about race and equality and the value of human suffering. Kevin Merida (1) (on African American reparations).† During the early part of the 20th century African Americans suffered a great deal of discrimination in America. They were refused even the most basic freedoms that the constitution of the United States is supposed to provide. The right to vote, the rifht to live freely, the right against unreasonable search and seizure are all elements of life that many people in this nation take for granted. However, for African Americans of that time those were dreams that were not often realized. Today, African Americans have many recourses if their rights are not being followed, including civil or criminal proceedings as well as government intervention. It is not completely rectified but it is being worked toward. The Arabs in Israel do not have such protection currently. They are at the point in history that African Americans were during the early part of the 20th century. Housing, employment and basic living right elements are being denied to them based on the fact that they are Arabs. Arabs in Israel have been complaining about their treatment for quite awhile but many of their concerns fall on deaf ears(Winder, 2006). The Israeli government and many of the nation's citizens insist that the discrimination allegations are false and misleading. For one to fully realize and accept that the Arabs are indeed being discriminated against one only has to hold various tangible situations that they encounter against the situations that were encountered by African Americans during the first part of the 20th century. The United Nations believes that the Arabs are indeed being discriminated against and said as much in a recently published report that was released last year. It says: â€Å"The government did little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens(Cook, 2004).† The humiliating treatment of the Arabs is one issue that the United Nations believes proves the discrimination that the Israel government currently denies exists. â€Å"Among many issues, it notes the humiliating treatment of Palestinian citizens, including community leaders, during security checks at airports and checkpoints(Cook, 2004). † During the 20th century in America, African Americans were forced to live in substandard housing and work in substandard employment environments. The quantity of available buildings for Arabs to reside in are not enough in numbers for the need. While most people in America will agree that the Arabs should not be confined to certain buildings the fact is they are often confined by societal attitudes and the available buildings are too few in number and have been for a significant amount of time. The quality of the buildings that are available are also in question. The repairs do not occur in the manner and speed that they do in other areas of the nation. The buildings that are made available to the Arabs are often in such disrepair that they are uninhabitable. African Americans when through similar problems in the early years of the 20th century. They were relegated to â€Å"Colored' area when it came to buildings that they could rent and own. The buildings were in disrepair and when they asked the landlord to repair them they were ignored or forced to pay for repairs that were legally the responsibility of the landlord. The term slum lord was originated because of the treatment of landlords regarding minority tenants and the fact that those landlords allowed their buildings to become uninhabitable yet they would allow minority tenants to live there and collect their rent each month. Another area of life that is similar for the Arabs in Israel today, that the African Americans faced in America and often times still do face is the area of education. During the early years of the 20th century students who were black were forced to attend specific schools. They were given substandard supplies and resources and they were given old used textbooks and equipment that most often did not work. Arabs today are facing the same dilemma when it comes to the education of their students(Cook, 2004). This greatly reduces the ability to teach advanced course and help Arab students better the future for themselves and their children. â€Å"Israel has also sought to undermine the value of Arabic, even though it is an official language of the state. Few Jews learn even basic Arabic, whereas Arab children are required to learn Hebrew to advanced level(Cook, 2004).† While the African Americans did not have this problem in the 20th century they were forbidden at times from singing the songs that had been popular in their homeland. Whether it was a hymn or a song of life they were whipped or punished for singing them out loud. â€Å"University courses are in Hebrew or English, as are public meetings and court cases. Many Arab workers report being sacked for speaking Arabic at the workplace(Cook, 2004).† This is blatant discrimination. It is similar to the African American ban on homeland songs and stories as well as the making it illegal to teach African Americans to read and right because the Americans wanted them to remain illiterate. Without saying so the Israel government seems to have the same goal in mind by its refusal to provide current and equal schools, supplies and textbooks for the Arab students living within its boundaries(First, Israel inside the Green Line (the de facto border after the 1967 war) http://www.mideastweb.org/israel_apartheid.htm). â€Å"Much international attention has focused on the recent decision by the Knesset to ban family unification in the case of marriages between Israeli Arabs and Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza. In many cases, it is now impossible for couples to live together: under the new law, Palestinians are denied entry into Israel, while Israeli Arabs are banned by military orders from entering Palestinian areas(Cook, 2004).† In addition to the obvious discriminations that are being experienced by Arabs in Israel there are many instances in which they are being discriminated against that are not so obvious to the eye unless one looks very closely. One such area is the area of employment. Arabs are being discriminated against on a regular basis when it comes to employment. Research concluded that Arabs have an unemployment rate that is twice as high as the Jewish unemployment rate for the same regions. â€Å"The country's big monopoly corporations such as the telecoms firm Bezeq and the Israel Electricity Company have Arab employees in the single figures even though they have a combined staff of more than 20,000. Some of the worst discrimination is faced by the 140,000 beduin living in the Negev. Many of their communities have never been recognised by Israel, even though they predate the state(Cook, 2004). † The end result of this type of discrimination is that approximately 70,000 Arabs are forced to live in tin shacks and tents. They have no power, water or sewage service. Their children are traveling 40-60 miles each way to go to school and get back home. Removal of child benefits for Arabs have been top of the political agenda ever since. â€Å"Some discriminatory practices against Israeli Arabs – Systematic bias in education provision (HRW report) – Israel's worst 36 unemployment blackspots are all in Arab areas† The plight of the Arabs in Israel is extremely similar today to what the African Americans faced in the United States during the early part of the 20th century. Employment discrimination, housing issues and lack of education for their children were accepted practices at that time. Today, the same problems and practices are being thrust upon the Arabs who reside in Israel. For this to change the government and the world will need to step in and force change.