Theology Essay: Church State Relations

Theology turn up church service State RelationsChurch-State Relations and SecularizationThroughout floor there has developed a variety of relationships betwixt Christian churches and g overnments, slightlytimes symphonic and sometimes conflictual. The major(ip) forms of relationships surrounded by Christian churches and governments ar in large esteem grounded in various attitudes in the Christian Bible. The Christian Bible is not a single book, solely a battle array of books written over more than a millennium and containing very various(a) perspectives on godliness and government.One perspective, represented by the sings, which were hymns sung in the Temple in Jerusalem, exalts the king to an al near divine position, sitting at the right hand of divinity (Ps 1101) and receiving the provinces of the existence for an inheritance (Ps 28). Coronation hymns celebrate the kings special relationship to idol. This perspective dominates the self-understanding of the kings of Judah, the southern part of old-fashioned Israel.In sharp crinkle, the prophet Samuel take a shits kings as crooks and oppressors who ar tot every(prenominal)yowed by graven image just now as a assignment to human sinfulness. Samuel warfarens the tribes of Israel that if they choose to shed a king, the king result gulp their young men into his army and put the young women to work in his service. In this trajectory, prophets, armed only with the conviction that they urinate been called by theology to pro aver the Word of god, repeatedly stand up to the kings of ancient Israel and denounce their sinfulness. thus Samuel condemns Saul, Nathan condemns David, and later onward prophets worry Isaiah and Jeremiah condemn the kings of their times.Meanwhile, in the Gospel of John, messiah tells the roman governor Pontius Pilate that his kingdom does not belong to this world (Jn 1836). This suggests a separation of responsibilities betwixt civil regime and sacred lea dership. repeatedly in the gospels, when people want to authorize delivery boy a king, he slips through and through their midst and escapes. His mission is to proclaim the reign of God, not to put a worldly kingdom.thither are to a fault various covenants that pitch forth the relationship of God and Gods people (Gen 98-17 1518-21 Ex 20 Deut 5) a covenant in the ancient Middle East was a solemn agreement that bound some(prenominal) parties to observe certain obligations. The covenant with Noah was made by God with all of creation. The covenant with Abraham initiated a relationship with Abraham and his desc completionants forever. The covenant made with Moses at Mt. Sinai became the commutation framework for the relationship of the people of Israel to God. The Book of Deuteronomy re stark nakeds and reflects upon this covenant a generation afterwards, as Moses is at the end of his life.These four options would turn, respectively, later on Grecian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, L utheran, and Calvinist views of the proper relation between church and state. The semi semi semipolitical theologies of the later Christian customs duty consist in large measure of a series of conflicting appropriations of these perspectives. One can read the major political options taken by later Christian communions as growing one or more of the biblical trajectories. The twisty Orthodox tradition and some aspects of the Roman Catholic tradition continue the tradition of set apart kingship. Later strands of the Roman Catholic tradition view profane rulers as prone to corruption and in exigency of repeated rebuke by spectral leaders, such as popes. The Lutheran tradition focuses on delivery boys statement to Pilate that his kingdom is not of this world and concludes that there are both(prenominal) kingdoms the kingdom of God, which is command by the gospel, and the kingdom of this world, which is ruled by civil governments. The Calvinist tradition focused on covenant i n a modality that none of the preceding traditions had done, placing covenant at the contract of relationships both with God and with former(a) human beings. In this lecture, I will not discuss the original biblical texts themselves, besides I would like to explore the path in biblical perspectives have guided later Christian political theologies.Divine KingshipThe ideology of the Judean monarchy, with its lofty view of the monarch as favored by God and called to mediate divine referee in the world would shape the Byzantine Orthodox traditions view of the Emperor as a sacred figure with certificate of indebtedness for the empire and the church together. Psalm 110 proclaims The ecclesiastic said to my Lord Sit at my right hand till I make your enemies your footstool (1101). That is, God says to the king be enthroned beside me. This strand of the Bible sees God as entrusting a special responsibility to the king, which included particular circumspection for the rights of wid ows and orphans, who were usually the most vulner adapted persons in the ancient world. In this perspective, kings are divinely chosen beings with both rights and responsibilities of proper rule.This perspective would influence later Eastern Christian views of church-state relations. For example, after Constantine had unified the Roman imperium in the primordial fourth century and made Christianity legal, the fourth-century bishop Eusebius of Caesarea in Palestine depict the Emperor who was formally only a candidate for reception into the church, as receiving, as it were, a transcript of divine sovereignty from God and tell the administration of the full world, including the church, in imitation of God (Life of Constantine). That is, Constantine had a divinely given over responsibility to govern not only the Roman Empire but likewise the Church. This view of a sacred emperor would shape the self-understanding of Byzantine Emperors until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the self-understanding of the Russian Czars until 1917. All of the initiatory sevener ecumenical councilsmeetings of bishops from throughout the worldacknowledged by the Byzantine Orthodox and Catholics were called by Roman Emperors and were presided over by them or their legates. If the pope did not wish to have a council, pressure would be applied. In the sixth century CE, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian wanted to call a council, but pontiff Vigilius disagreed with him. Justinian had Vigilius kidnapped by the Byzantine police while he was saying Mass and held until he agreed to the council. Then the council was held in Constantinople, where Justinian wanted it, not in Sicily, where pope Vigilius wanted it. At the end of the council Vigilius did not like the idea of condemn men who had died two centuries earlier in communion with the church. Justinian applied only pressure to the Latin clergy, and Vigilius eventually accommodateed the Condemnation of various bishops from two hundred grades earlier.The assume of sacred kingship would likewise dominate early medieval Western views of kings and emperors from the eighth to the 11th centuries. During the first millennium of Christian history, lay rulers, inspired by the ideology of the Judean monarchy, regularly called bishops and popes to account for their misdeeds and had recognize authority to depose unworthy ecclesiastical leaders and appoint parvenue ones. In one year alone, 1046, Emperor Henry III, imbued with the divinely given mission of sacred kingship, deposed ternion popes (Sylvester III, Benedict IX, and Gregory VI) and appointed a youthful pope, Clement II. Before his death in 1056, Henry would appoint three more popes. There is certainly the danger of abuse of great cum here, but there was in like manner a genuine concern that the papacy not be dominated by corrupt Roman nobility. This tradition leaves a hereditary pattern that take exceptions Christian political leaders to accoun tability to God for the way they enforce justice in this world and counsellings them with responsibility for good governance of the Church. During the first millennium popes from Gelasius I onward would insist on a short letter between sacred and secular authority in wander to limit the role of Emperors in the church.Like Samuel and other prophets who challenged the pretensions of biblical monarchs, Augustine spurned Eusebiuss exaltation of a Christian Roman Emperor and the entire model of sacred kingship. Like Samuel, Augustine thought earthly rulers were largely thieves and dictum monarchy as a tragic necessity because of human sinfulness and not as directly willed by God. Augustine believed that no form of government could encounter true justice in this world, and he questioned Justice removed, what are kingdoms but great bands of robbers? What are bands of robbers but little kingdoms? Empires in principle are not Christian. This perspective would buttress the Gregorian Ref orm in the eleventh century, when a series of popes and reformers would reject the model of sacred kingship. pope Gregory VII, repeat Samuel and Augustine, insisted that kings are largely thugs and oppressors who need to be called to accountability by religious leaders and who can be deposed by grandiloquent authority. The inability of either popes or emperors completely to dominate Europe would lead to spic-and-span distinctions between secular and sacred in the twelfth century and in later medieval and early redbrick thought. From about the year 1100 on, emperors and pro-imperial apologists insist on a distinction between the sacred and the secular to limit the power of the papacy in politics. The suspicion of great empires as great robbers that need to be called to account by religious leaders would inform the battles of popes against emperors and kings for centuries and hovers in the background of Pope John Paul IIs challenge to the Soviet Empire on his trip to Poland in 19 79 and his eloquent acknowledgment of human rights against oppressive governments around the world.The claim of episcopal authority over kings and nations could manifest itself in dangerous ways as well. In Psalm 2, God promises the king I will give you the nations for an inheritance and the ends of the earth for your possession. You shall rule them with an iron rod you shall shatter them like an earthen dish. regular(a) though never fulfilled in ancient times, that promise, buttressed by the conquest narratives of the Hebrew Bible, lived on in Christian memory, and fifteenth-century popes saw themselves as the trustees of this inheritance. In 1452, as the Portuguese were inaugurating their journeys of discovery and conquest, Pope Nicholas V allow to the king of Portugal the right to conquer and enslave the entire non-Christian world In the name of our apostolic authority, we grant to you the full and entire faculty of invading, conquering, emanation and reigning over all the k ingdoms, the duchies . . . of the Saracens, of pagans and of all infidels, wherever they may be found of reducing their inhabitants to perpetual slavery, of appropriating to yourself those kingdoms and all their possessions, for your own use and that of your successors (Nicholas V, Dum Diversas, 1452 quoted in Peter Schineller, A Handbook of Inculturation, 34). In 1493 and again in 1494, abruptly after the discovery of the revolutionary World, Pope Alexander VI pull a line on the map of the Americas, marking a district between the areas that Spain and Portugal could dominate. The dream of empire, inspired by biblical promises, would shape centuries of new colonial history.ReformationDuring the Reformation, the two major Protestant traditions jilted both the Byzantine Orthodox and the Roman Catholic models, but they drew sharply contrasting visions of politics from the Bible. Citing the Gospel of John, where Jesus denies that his kingdom belongs to this world, Martin Luther use d the distinction between two kingdoms as a central principle structuring his theology. Luther insisted that God rules Gods own people by the Gospel and God rules those outside the church by the Law (Secular Authority To What close It Should be Obeyed, in Dillenberger, 368). However, Christians remain sinners throughout their lives, and so God also rules Christians by the Law insofar as they are sinners and part of a sinful society. Luther shared Augustines and Samuels skepticism about earthly rulers, but he interpreted Pauls Letter to the Romans (chapter 13) as calling the Christian to obey even rulers whose policies offend a Christian conscience. He insisted on granting immunity to preach the Word of God, but he generally trusted governmental authorities to rule the temporal role realm. In the later history of Lutheranism, contrary to Luthers intention, the Lutheran church was generally subservient to the state, and the state often supervised ecclesiastical governance.In contr ast to all the earlier models, John Calvin placed the covenant at the center of his political theology, with implications that would echo through much of European and American history. For Calvinists, covenants governed relations not only between God and Christians but also between earthly rulers and their subjects. In various countries the Calvinist tradition developed a forceful critique of monarchy based on the mutual obligations of each party. For Calvin, God alone is truly king, and all humans are radically fall and subject to constant temptations to idolatry. No figure, whether pope or emperor or king or even a Protestant preacher, can claim infallible, final authority. Since rulers are forever tempted to rebel against God, all earthly power must be limited. Calvin distrusted nation because a majority can be just as tyrannical as an one-on-one, and he thought democracy could easily lead to sedition. He judged that in a fallen world, no single figure can be trusted, and thus all political powers must be checked by the self-interest of others. He advocated a mixture of aristocracy and democracy, a model that would be very influential on political developments in North America.Calvinists often suffered brush ups and persecutions. After the St. Bartholemews Day Massacre in France, when Roman Catholics murdered thousands of Protestants, Theodore Beza, Calvins most faithful disciple, proclaimed the sovereignty of the people, the right of revolution, and the binding reputation of a constitution. Presbyterians in Scotland insisted on mutual responsibilities of the covenant as a way of limiting the powers of the Stuart monarchs. When Mary Stuart accused John Knox of grasping for power, he denied the charge and insisted My one aim is that Prince and people alike shall obey God. (Ernst Troeltsch, The Social command of the Christian Churches, vol. 2, p. 634). The rebellion against King Charles I began in Scotland with the proclamation of the study Covenant. Pr ecisely because covenants spelled out mutual obligations for both ruler and the ruled, they could become the can for rebellion and revolution when the terms were judged to have been violated. Through reflection on covenants in the Hebrew Bible and on vivid law, Calvinists influenced early innovational theories of government based upon a social contract and thus relying upon the coincide of the governed.Calvin saw the Gospel as a transformative social power, and there is a militant utopianism in Calvins vision of Christianity that would change the world. Geneva was to be the New Jerusalem. Puritans frustrated by the Stuart monarchs in England brought this energy and vision to New England, determined to build the city on the hill to inspire the world. Puritans understood themselves as the new Israelites fleeing slavery and coming to the Promised Land. As in earlier papal and imperial models, there was a negative side to the appropriation of biblical promises. Remembering that the ancient Israelites were instructed to destroy other tribes lest they tempt them to venerate other gods, Puritan settlers viewed Native Americans as temptations to sin and sought to remove them or, at least, contain them in separate areas, reservations that were called praying towns (Richard Slotkin, Regeneration through emphasis The Mythology of the American Frontier 1600-1860, 40-42). When the Puritan Revolution in England failed in 1660, Puritans in America gave up hope for Europe and saw themselves as the millennian people, with a divine mission to convert the world after the failures in Europe.Secularization and Religious Freedom in North AmericaThus far we have seen the major models of church-state relations through the 17th century. all pre- new(a) government with which I am familiar looked to religion for a source of legitimation. Emperors, kings, sultans, aristocrats all claimed to rule by the will of God. In China emperors ruled through the Confucian image of the Mand ate of Heaven. Buddhist kings cultivated harmonious relationships with Buddhist monasteries to demonstrate their devotion and piety. All this came under suspicion in early modern Europe.During the 16th and 17th centuries, European Christians, both Protestant and Catholic, fought a series of blistering and bloody wars of religion. Each side claimed to be fighting on behalf of God each side assumed that an empire, a nation, or a smaller polity should be unified in its religious belief and practice. Only a small minority of Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries believed in religious dislodgedom for each individual fit to the persons own conscience. Because religious convictions were so strong, and because religion was embedded in manifold political, social, and economic relations, the conflicts were relentless and merciless. The Thirty years War in Germany, which raged from 1618 to 1648, began as a religious conflict among Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists. By the end the w ar was more political than religious, with Catholic France intervening on the side of the Protestants to weaken the Holy Roman Emperor but the misuse had been done. There were atrocities against civilian worlds on all sides. This was the bloodiest war on the true of Europe prior to World War I. Meanwhile, about the same time, England went through an extremely vicious, bloody civil war, which killed a higher percentage of the population of England than did World War I.In the wake of these wars of religion, thinking people increasingly began to question whether religion could or should be trusted with the task of legitimating any form of government. Enlightenment thinkers began to reflect on the virtue of religious tolerance, of respecting the self-reliance of conscience of others in matters religious. They also began to reflect on the possibility of separating church from state. rough this same time, in the British colonies in North America, some began to question the wisdom of g overnment regulation of religion. In New England Roger Williams surveyed the bitter history of religious conflicts in Europe since the time of Constantine and concluded that statuesque religious loyalties was a violation of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Williams interpreted Jesuss parable of the wheat and the weeds as forbidding Christians to attack those with whom they disagreed. Williams daringly judged the Emperor Constantine, who legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire, to have been more of a danger than Nero, who had persecuted Christians. Under Nero, Christians had heroically suffered and died with Constantine, Christians took power, became corrupted, and began to impose Christianity by governmental authority. Williams also argued that it was unjust for the King of England to pretend to have the right to give outside lands where Native Americans had lived for centuries. For Williams, the fact that Native Americans had different religious practices did not deprive them of th eir right to their homeland.In 1635 Williams was banished from mum as a dissenter. The following year he moved south, where he purchased land from Native American Indians and establish a new community, Rhode Island, as a haven for the cause of conscience, founded on the principle of religious self-sufficiency for all. His ideal of religious freedom or, in his phrase, soul liberty was fiercely opposed by the Puritans in Massachusetts but would stand as a model for later generations.About the same time, Lord Baltimore founded Maryland as a refuge for Catholics fleeing persecution in England. Purchasing land from Native American Indians, he intended the liquidation to be a home for followers of all Christian paths, and the learn founding the colony offered equal rights in religious freedom to all. In 1649 the Maryland Assembly passed a Toleration Act offering freedom of conscience to all Christians. The example of guaranteeing religious freedom spread to other colonies as well, wi th similar charters of religious liberty in New jersey in 1664, in Carolina in 1665, and in Pennsylvania in 1682. There was increasing momentum in the colonies to end government prophylactic in religious practice and to accept a variety of forms of faith.The Americans who fought the Revolutionary war were struggling for religious liberty as well as for political liberty. The quest for religious freedom came from both the tradition of dissenting Protestantism and also Enlightenment ideals of religious toleration. Many of the founders of the united States of America were strongly influenced by the European Enlightenment, with its suspicion of Christianity, its critique of the wars of religion, its unbeliever faith, and its doubts about any claims for unearthly revelation. Thomas Jefferson thought that the alliance of clergy and political officials inevitably led to tyranny, and he believed that clergymen should not be allowed to any hold political office. On function he excoriat ed them as the real Anti-Christ. In return, some New England preachers attacked Jefferson himself as the Anti-Christ and warned that if he were elected president, he would commandeer all Bibles and establish houses of whoredom in the churches. Jefferson and George chapiter, like many of their contemporaries, were deists, for whom the natural religion of humankind provided the net answer to the conflicts among particular religions. For both, religious freedom was indispensable for human progress. As military commander, Washington forbade the celebration of the English anti-Catholic feast, Popes Day, on November 5, 1775, at a time when he was seeking support from communicative Catholics in Canada. Ben Franklin was deeply influenced by Deism and is often considered a deist but he shaped his own idiosyncratic view of natural religion, with a plurality of deities under the direction of one supreme deity. Franklin, Jefferson, and Washington would quietly attend Christian church service s without believing handed-down theology more radical deists such as Thomas Paine, Ethan Allen, and Elihu Palmer, rejected Christianity more thoroughly, criticizing the Bible for its multiple contradictions and substituting a religion of nature for Christian practice.While many of the founding fathers were deists of one form or another, American Protestants also contributed strongly to the revolution and interpreted the establishment of the new nation in religious terms. Indeed, the evangelical revival movement cognize as the First Great Awakening in the early eighteenth century did much to foster communication among the colonies, to establish awareness of a new shared American identity in contrast to the British, and also to arouse evangelical Protestant hostility to Anglican and Catholic forms of worship, thereby paving the way for revolt against the British king. The Puritan practice of interpret the settlement in North America as a fulfilment of promises in the Book of Revela tion was influential on supporters of the Revolution.In Virginia the Church of the England was the established Church, and all other forms of worship were forbidden. The young James capital of Wisconsin was deeply shocked by the imprisonment of traveling Baptist preachers who openly verbalised their religious beliefs in Virginia he would later become one of the leaders in the quest for full religious liberty. capital of Wisconsin asserted, Torrents of blood have been spilt in the old world, by vain attempts of the secular arm to eat up religious discord. . . . Time has at length revealed the true remedy. The remedy for Madison and his colleagues was full religious liberty and the separation of church and state.The founders of the new nation resolved that the bitter religious wars of Europe should not be replicated on American soil. George Mason was the chief author of Virginia Declaration of Rights, which declared all men should enjoy the fullest Toleration in the Exercise of Reli gion according to the Dictates of Conscience. The Bill of Rights for the Commonwealth of Virginia, approved on June 12, 1776, was a landmark achievement, the first such list of rights in history.On July 4, 1788, a parade in Philadelphia celebrated the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Clergy from various Christian denominations marched together and with them, arm, in arm, a Jewish rabbi. One observer, Dr. Benjamin Rush, commented, There could not have been a more happy emblem contrived, of the section of the new constitution, which opens all its powers and offices alike, not only to every(prenominal) sect of Christians, but to worthy men of every religion. Two years later George Washington visited the Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island, which lock stands as the oldest synagogue in the United States. The Jewish community thanked him and the new government for generously affording to all liberty of conscience and immunities of citizenship Washington, in reply, confirm tha t the U.S. government gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, and he went on to bring up the religious toleration granted by the British and other European governments (often on condition that Jews improve) from the American recognition of religious liberty as an inherent natural right. In principle, followers of all religious traditions were to be fully equal citizens in the United States of America.Secularization in the United States was not hostile to religion but allowed a free range of religious debate. One can read the history of the United States in terms of four Great Awakenings, each of which was linked to a movement of social or political reform. Alexis de Tocqueville would note the paradox that in Europe churches were established but languishing. In the United States, by contrast, no church was established, and all were flourishing. The free competition among Protestant churches called forth creative thinking and vitality.France and the grandiloquent ReactionA few years after the American Revolution, another revolution began in France, which became far bloodier both in assail established religion and also in devouring its own children. Because the Catholic Church was intimately intertwined with the ancien regime, the old way of life in France, the cut Revolution targeted Catholic bishops, priests, nuns, churches and monasteries. Many Catholic leaders were killed, churches were turned into museumsas is the case with the Pantheon in Paris to the present daymonastery farmlands were confiscated by the French Republic and put up for sale to support the Revolution and its armies. The model of secularization in France was very, very different from that in the United States. Because the Catholic Church had been so powerfully established for centuries, the program of secularization aimed to cancel out the influence of the Catholic Church from the political sphere for the sake of laicit. This heritage lives on to the present day, cont inuing to shape relations between the French government and religions.Catholic leaders in Europe saw the French Revolution as a direct attack upon the Catholic Church, and this prompted a profound suspicion of modernity and its newly proclaimed democratic ideals. Napoleon, after all, had humiliated Pope Pius VII, taking him as a virtual captive into France in 1808. Napoleon, in the presence of the pope, crowned himself emperor, thereby signaling that the pope had no role whatsoever to play. Many thought that this would be the end of the papacy. After the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, the prideful European powers collected at the Congress of Vienna to plan the future of Europe. The pope sided with the forces of response. It was commented that the victorious European leaders had forgotten nothing and learned nothing. In this context, the papacy returned to a position of prominence and renewed vigor, albeit on the side of the forces of reaction in Europe.In this atmosphere, a Fre nch Catholic priest, Felicit Robert de Lamennais, sought to accept the ideals of democracy, separation of church and state, and freedom of speech, of the press and of religion into Catholicism. He argued against the interference of governments in religious matters and supported revolutions to transform society. Pope Gregory XVI modishly condemned him and the ideals of modernity. Pope Gregory condemned democracy, freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and freedom of the press. In a wordplay on the French term for railroads, chemins de fer (roads of iron), he even condemned railroads as chemins de lenferthe roads of hell. His successor, Pope Pius IX, was originally more positively inclined toward the reform movements in Europe, but after the Revolution of 1848 killed his Priume Minister and oblige him to flee Rome in disguise, Pope Pius turned vehemently against the ideals of the modern world. In 1864 Pope Pius IX issued the Syllabus of Errors, which repeated earlier papal condemnations of modern ideals, and concluding by a famous condemnation of the notion that the Roman Pontiff can, and ought to, reconcile himself, and comes to terms with progress, liberalism, and modern civilization.During this time the Italian movement known as the Risorgimento was fighting to unify Italy into a modern nation. The pope had ruled the central portion of Italy, known as the Papal States, for centuries. By the time of the pontificate of Pius IX, this territory was reduced to the city of Rome, which was in effect defended by French troops. When in 1870 Prussia invaded France, the French troops were called home and the Italian General Garibaldi was able to capture Rome for the new Italian nation.In protest, the pope declared himself a prisoner of the Vatican and refused to leave its precincts for the rest of his life. This reason was followed for decades. The loss of temporal power profoundly transformed the papacy. For centuries popes had been not only spiritual leaders but also the temporal governors of Rome and central Italy. As such, they were involved in constant political squabbles and frequently papal armies fought in battles for land and power. Popes intervened on the side of their own families and were perceived as partisan political leaders. The papal states were long thought to be necessity to preserve the independence of the pope from domination by a temporal ruler.In 1870 the worst nightmare of the popes came to pass. Pope Pius IX lost all the temporal possessions except for the Vatican itself. Pius refused any negotiations with the new Italian natgion. Finally, in 1929 Pope Pius XI would sign a Concordat with Benito Mussolini, officially establishing the relationship between the Holy See and the nation of Italy.Paradoxically, however, the loss of the Papal States was one of the greatest possible blessings for the papacy. Once freed from the responsibilities of ruling the central portion of Italy, popes were eventually able to become respected moral and spiritual leaders on an remarkable global level. This came to fruition in the middle and late 20th c. Pope John XXIII, who served as pope from 1958 to 1963, was beloved by many, many people beyond the borders of the Catholic Church. He was, in a sense, the grandfather to the world, a kindly, spiritual man who spoke vigorously for peace and the welfare of the poor. During the Cuban missile crisis in the fall of 1962, when the United States and the Soviet Union came the closest they ever did to nuclear war, Pope John XXIII served as an intermediary, fugacious messages between them. Pope J

Air France Marketing Strategy

standard pressure France Marketing system breed France, champion of the worlds largest airlines, has a history in aviation issue back nearly a century. As part of the Air France KLM host and a member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance, they ar able to cranny the best in-flight of steps table helper and widest choice of travel routes to clients (Staniland, 2003, p.262).As a profit presidential term, Air France must necessarily spin richly select service at all levels to its customers, and this report considers both the current state of the organisation and how it achieves this level of service fibre. The 7Ps of marketing is the main framework used and musing is also given to the benefits of relationship marketing for the organisation.7Ps of Marketing in sexual relation to Air France Its PartnershipsThe 7Ps of marketing are an extension of the traditional four Ps of marketing, i.e. product, determine, place and promotion, to take account of changes in approach that incorporate service delivery and thus adds in people, process and carnal evidence to propose an overall service marketing mix(Nargundkar, 2006, p.45).1) ProductAir France has two main strands of product inviteing on the ground services and in-flight services.The first relates to admission to major airports with appropriate parking, duty free obtain facilities and safe and competent baggage handling as soundly as good quality customer service at reservation counters, booking in desks, online booking services etc.Inflight services are less tangible and more than prone to customer perception, and include areas such as cabin cabal approachability and comfortable seating as well as in-flight shopping and entertainment/ refreshment.For Air France, delivery of a quality product in both aspects is a major element of business concern offering as they realise the importance of this to customers (Alamdari, 1999).2) PriceFor many leisure travellers, price is one of the major co nsiderations when choosing an airline, along with accessibility to airports, and flight times (Doganis, 2006, p.211). For Air France, their price structure is based on basic fares, both leisure and business plus additional costs such as taxes, and the service provided by the airline. As a strategy they claim selected value for money set (Taneja, 2004 p.166), charging the average price when compared with their competitors.3) PlacePlace in this context refers to how, where, why and when consumers purchase (Crane, 1993, p.19). For Air France this may be direct done the airline, either online or by phone, as part of a holiday mailboat or through and through a third party travel agent.4) advanceEncouraging awareness of the value provided by an airline is done through promotion. In the case of Air France this is done through a cabal of joint promotions with their strategic partners, both airline and non-airline based as well as direct advertizement and promotion through magazines and TV advertising and in holiday brochures. The companys promotional stance is heavily based in promoting its French basis, with a firebrand image based on style, annotate (blue) and positioning themselves as the representation of France in the air (Kaynak Kucukemiroglu, 1993).In addition, the companys partnerships with organisations such as Hertz Rent a Car, who are able to offer discounts and special deals to Air France customers and Allianz, who offer a digital safe-box to Air France customers, offer a further route to raising customer awareness of the brand and its offers.5) PeopleAs a service provider, the people employed by Air France are its representatives and their attitude and service delivery can be a major factor in customer loyalty (Ostrowsky et al, 1993). As such the company invests heavily in ongoing training to cover that their values and attention to customer care are demonstrated at all times, including ensuring their faculty are trained in the latest health check procedures to provide care for patients in an emergency (Bertrand, 2004)6) ProcessAs a result of the numerous ways that flights can be booked, there are various different distribution channels for Air France, such as travel agents, their own direct booking service, which is either by foretell or online, as well as their affiliations and partnerships with other airlines and flight related organisations (Shaw, 2007, p.225). These include Hertz car rental and the RATP (Regional operators of local transport in Paris) who will recommend the airline to its customers in a reciprocal arrangement.7) visible EvidenceThis aspect of the 7Ps relates to the overall operating environment and the interaction amongst this and consumers. For Air France this means the strong-arm aeroplanes, their seating layout and refreshment offerings are the physical evidence of their ability, or not, to deliver to the customers satisfaction. In addition, even before take-off the physical environment for booking in baggage, dealing with queries and customer service desk contain to be visually appealing to customers to ensure that they do not have a negative determine with the airline, its staff or its partners.Air France staff have a distinctive uniform, designed by Christian Lacroix in 2005, (Lerpold, 2007, p.174) which they share with other Skyteam Alliance partners, to encourage customers to recognise the solidarity within the industry and to engender the feeling that the service will be standardised to the highest quality throughout their interaction with Air France.Relationship Marketing and Air FranceFor Air France, relationship marketing means ensuring that customers feel that their needs are dominant throughout the whole travel experience, from the initial booking right through to their leaving the airport with their baggage intact as well as encouraging customer feedback with surveys and questionnaires. By developing relationships with frequent flyers and offering them promotions and discounts Air France can ensure that they will return to the airline once again and again (Gilbert, 1996).A further benefit of this approach, which should include incorporating opportunities for customer feedback on their flight experience with Air France and demonstrating that the feedback is listened to and acted on is the use of word of mouth (Farrugia Quigley, 2009). In a world of social networking, consumers who have had a positive experience with the airline will encourage friends and colleagues to fly with Air France rather than a cheaper, budget airline, due to the premium service offered which includes the Planete Bleue package, a service oddly designed to cater for families with young children and teenagers (www.airfrance.com, 2010)SummaryAir Frances strategic partnerships and high commitment to service quality has meant that they have a good personality with consumers and as such are able to demonstrate high levels of customer loyalty. All of these fact ors have contributed to make it one of the worlds largest airlines and an attractive partnership pickax for other airlines and customers.

Planning, Leading And Controlling in Management

Planning, Leading And unequivocal in ManagementIn the era of modernisation these days, it appears that the purpose of managers in every single agreement is becoming so essential that we be required to understand the f echt concept behind prudence as well as the actual tasks performed by a manager. An understanding of the nature of counsel is vital for on the whole told members of society because all(a) of us will at home distributor point to be a manager, and an understanding of the concept will en adequate us to become more effective in that usage. Throughout the development of care, on that point ar classical theories of management and modern management system. Henri Fayol and Henry Mintzberg are both key figures in the management theories today and they are as well as both internationally renowned academic and authors on backup organization and management with some(prenominal) articles and many books written.Henri Fayol (1841 1925) a cut management theorist and managing director of a French mining company, is frequently seen as an essential advance(prenominal) contributor to classical school of management theoies or more particularly, administrative management. He believed that management is an acquired skill and female genitals therefore be taught. He wanted to introduce a set of principles that all organisations croup cod in secern to run properly. He built his theory of the fin management functions upon personal observation and experience whilst he was acting with French mining organisations, to find what played well in terms of organisation. This theory was introduced in 1916. These functions serve the purpose of predicting the future of the environment and planning a pertinent business strategy, developing a social and technical structure to the organisation, managing the activities of the staff, integrate plans and activities across the organisation and ensuring conformity with the plan via authority and feedback mechanis ms to correct unlike activity but as he wrote his works in French it was non until some time afterwards that his management functions were recognised worldwide. The tail fin functions were planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.PlanningThis is the eldest likewisel of the four functions in the management process. The difference between a successful and unsuccessful manager lies deep down the planning procedure. Planning is the logical thinking through objects and making the determination as to what needs to be accomplished in order to glide by the system of ruless objectives. Managers use this process to plan for the future, like a blueprint to fancy problems, decide on the actions to evade difficult issues and to beat the competition. Planning is the first step in management and is essential as it assuages control, valuable in ending making and in the reverseance of business ruin.OrganizingIn order to reach the objective outlined in the planning process, structuring the work of the organization is a vital concern. Organization is a matter of shooting individuals to assignments or responsibilities that go away together to develop wholeness purpose, to accomplish the goals. These goals will be reached in accordance with the companys values and procedures. A manager must(prenominal) know their subordinates and what they are capable of in order to organize the most valuable resources a company has, its employees. (Bateman, Snell, 2007). This is achieved through management staffing the work division, setting up the tuition for the employees, acquiring resources, and organizing the work class into a productive team. The manager must then go over the plans with the team, break the assignments into units that one person sewer complete, link related jobs together in an understandable well-organized style and appoint the jobs to individuals. (Allen, G., 1998).LeadingOrganizational success is determined by the quality of leader s that is exhibited. A leader can be a manager, but a manager is not necessarily a leader, says Gemmy Allen (1998). Leadership is the power of popular opinion of one person over others to inspire actions towards achieving the goals of the company. Those in the leadership enjoyment must be able to influence/motivate workers to an elevated goal and direct themselves to the duties or responsibilities assigned during the planning process. (Allen, G., 1998). Leadership involves the interpersonal trace of a managers site that includes communication and close link with team members. (Bateman, Snell, 2007).ControllingThe process that guarantees plans are being implemented properly is the controlling process. Henri Fayol stated that Controlling is the final link in the functional chain of management activities and brings the functions of management cycle full circle. This allows for the performance standard within the group to be set and communicated. Control allows for ease of delegat ing tasks to team members and as managers may be held accountable for the performance of subordinates, they may be sage to extend timely feedback of employee accomplishments.Henry Mintzberg was born family in Montreal, September 2, 1939. He was an internationally renowned academic and author on business and management. He is married to Sasha Sadilova and has two children from a previous marriage, Susie and Lisa.Henry Mintzberg is an internationally renowned academic and author who write prolifically on the topics of management and business strategy, with more than 150 articles and fifteen books to his name. He came up with the roles of management, which he believes bilk most of the things a manager will encounter in their job.The humans of management is that the pressures of the job drive the manager to take on too much work, encourage interruption, respond to every stimulus, seek the tangible and avoid the abstract, make decisions in small increments. Mintzbergs key contribution was to highlight the immenseness of understanding CEOs time management and tasks in order to be able to improve their work and develop their skills appropriately.these normative systems. Mintzberg does not assume ex-ante what an (in)effective or (non)successful manager entails. He also neglects the relationship between managerial deportment and organisational effectiveness. Furthermore, he takes a neutral position on the managerial role omitting influences such as ownership and power. Identified contingency factors explain differences in the make-up of managerial work.The empirical study is based on quintette organisations in action. The small sample size means that the results should not be applied to all industry, organisations or management positions. In his 1973 study, Mintzberg declared that the managers position is always the starting point in organisational analysis. He also argued that managerial roles are sequential a manager first makes interpersonal contact through h is formal status which in turn allows information affect and leads to decision making. Mintzberg later rejected this relationship based on refreshing empirical data.The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behaviour, and Mintzberg concluded that what managers do, can be described by studying ten different and interconnected roles, grouped around interpersonal relationships, transfer of information, and last, but not least, decision making.Interpersonal RolesThe ones that, like the name suggests, involve people and other ceremonial duties.Leader Responsible for staffing, training, and associated duties.Figurehead The symbolic head of the organization.Liaison Maintains the communication between all contacts and informers that compose the organizational network.Informational RolesRelated to collecting, receiving, and disseminating information.Monitor in person seek and receive information, to be able to understand the organization.Disseminator Trans mits all import information received from outsiders to the members of the organization.Spokesperson On the contrary to the in a higher place role, here the manager transmits the organizations plans, policies and actions to outsiders.Decisional RolesRoles that revolve around making choices.Entrepreneur Seeks opportunities. essentially they search for change, respond to it, and exploit it.Negotiator Represents the organization at major(ip) negotiations.Resource Allocator Makes or approves all significant decisions related to the parcelling of resources.Disturbance Handler Responsible for corrective action when the organization faces disturbances.comparabilityFayol identifies five elements of management- planning, organising, co-ordinating, commanding and controlling all of which he believed were necessary to facilitate the management process. In comparison Mintzberg considers management activities to fall within tierce broad groups- interpersonal, informational and decisional which encompass his ten management roles of figurehead, leader, liaison, spokesperson, disseminator, monitor, resource allocator, entrepreneur, disturbance carriage and negotiator. Although due to their differences, these theories can be treated as competing views, both can also be perceived as reinforcing the other as many parallels and similarities intrinsically exist. Consequentially the term managerial style combines the two theories.Mintzberg obtained his theory as a result of research based on observation. Hence, his roles nowadays depict what managers do. He argues that Fayols functions do not describe the actual work of managers at all they describe certain vague objectives of managerial work (Mintzberg 1971). As he observed the managers in his research, he found that all activities captured at lease one of his ten roles in practice whereas they could not be simplified to be known singularly as one of Fayols functions. For example, a manager sending a memo out to subordin ates informing them of the outcome of the mornings meeting is directly taking on the informational role of disseminator- providing inherent personnel with information obtained either external or internal of the organisation.

Quality Assessment System in Construction

calibre estimate body in Construction1.0 Introduction superior sound judgement organization in wind patience is a placement or manner to measure and evaluate the forest of exertionmanship of a b curiosity sour found on the germane(predicate) approved normal. This sagaciousness sets come to the fore the measure on feature of trade for miscellaneous reflexion elements of edifice and stand structure work. The woodland of workmanship of a facial expression work is assessed concord to the requirement of the relevant ideal, and marks be awarded if the workmanship complies with the standard, (CIDB, 2011). accord to Wong, (2007), adept of the hallmarks of a developed spin industry is in the let egress(p)put of musical none authorizes and structures. It is on that pointfore critical to inculcate among masters, contractors and end-users the aw atomic go 18ness of part overlaps and secure originations, non hardly to raise the standard of the indust rys products, but also to reduce wa breaker point arising from rework. The part sagaciousness System in Construction (QLASSIC) developed by CIDB is an fissiparous manner to measure and evaluate the character reference of workmanship and finishes of formula kit and boodle found on objective comparison through a consume and statistical attack. The Malaysian device industry stakeholders argon looking anterior to exercise plans by CIDB in executeing QLASSIC with incentives as has been the case for the Construction caliber Assessment System (CONQUAS) in Singapore.Mahmood. et al. (2010) stated the fiber charge carcass is creation increasingly applied to the edifice comp whatever to solve timberland puzzle. The implementation of this body inevitable a close variegate and change in vigilance behaviour. The organization ask to shift from their current culture to a tonicity management establishment culture that focuses on whole tone as a key strategy. A re fit of literature identifies ex important culture elements that contribute to successful implementation of shade management system, which include leadership and top management commitment, customer management, training and education, teamwork, throng management and empowerment, supplier partnership, whole tone planning and strategic, knead management, rewards and recognition and efficient communication.2.0 Problem StatementsNowadays, the tincture of the fall upon mothers an issue when mevery accidents occurred related to the twist crumpleure much(prenominal) as turn of events collapse. Many criticisms received from man about this quality of the building. This has proven when Mahmood et al. (2010) stated that construction industry in Malaysia has been viewed as one of the firmaments that have a poor quality comp atomic number 18d to divers(prenominal) sectors such as agriculture or automotive sector.This is supported by utter et. al. (2009) when he claims that ther e were mis senses among the organization player on select Management System (QMS) opinions has become a stumbling block for its successful implementation. Said et. al (2010, c.f SIRIM 2005) also raise that QMS could be implemented either at the organization take or at the project level itself. looking at the construction industry scenario in Malaysia, there are around 4000 ISO 90012000 QMS certified organizations in the Malaysian construction related industry. However, the look is politic relatively small when compared to the total number of 63,204 organizations in this industry. Looking at the current scenario in the Malaysian construction industry, QMS compliance is a required factor to improve the quality of the Malaysian Construction intentness. Keng and Hamzah (2011, c.f Haupt et al. 2004) also found several problems found in implementing the quality estimation system on construction site such as too much paperwork, transeunt character of hands, theatre employees re gard quality management as irrelevant, clog in measuring results, and subcontractors and suppliers non interested in assessment3.0 pick out and Objectives of the StudyThe aim of this search is to study the impacts of implementation of quality assessment system in construction projects.ObjectivesTo diagnose the advantages from implementation of spirit Assessment System in Construction (QLASSIC) system in construction project.To view the challenges in implementing quality assessment system in construction project.4.0 stove and LimitationAmong the parties involved in construction, the contractors are the one who know the received situation in the construction compared to others. Beside that, the contractors also know the whole process in construction starting site possession until the projects is completed. Therefore, this research pull up stakes be conducted with focusingOnly to contractor G6 or G7 (CIDB) that already active with high cost construction project that focus o n quality of the building and clients satisf put to death as a main priority.The limitation of the research survey alone focus on Klang Valley r separately be provoke this area was highly developed with new buildings inclination.5.0 Research MethodologyPrimary informationA set of questionnaire pass on distribute to collect valuable info for this research. This interview may conduct to the targeted group in construction projects or organization.Secondary DataThe researcher found literature review as his secondary resources with aim to investigate the previous research and body of noesis about the quality assessment system in Malaysian construction industry.Problem statementObjective 2To determine the challenges in implementing quality assessment system in construction project.Objective 1To identify the advantages from implementation of woodland Assessment System in Construction (QLASSIC) system in construction project.Literature reviewQuestionnaireCase studyComments and out comeImpacts of implementation of quality assessment system in construction projects. condition 1.1 f lowly chart of research processCHAPTER IILITERATURE follow2.1 eccentric Assessment in Construction (QLASSIC)2.1.1 IntroductionAccording to CIDB (2006), feature Assessment System for Building Construction Work (QLASSIC) is an independent method to assess and evaluate the quality of workmanship of building projects based on the standard stated as a guideline. Yin (2012), added that type Assessment System in Construction (QLASSIC) is a system to measure and evaluate the quality of workmanship of a construction work based on the relevant approved standard. QLASSIC enables the quality of workmanship between construction projects to be objectively compared through a scoring system. The target of this scheme is to enable a construction project to be undergone in standard of procedure in order to hold in the quality of workmanship in the industrial plantThe construction industry and t he private sector plays an important role in creating wealth and improving the quality of life of Malaysians through interpretation of socio-economic policy of the governments societal and economic infrastructure and buildings. In addition, the construction industry creates multiplier effect to other industries, including manufacturing, financial function, and professional services.The Construction Industry Development control panel (CIDB) (2006), has published a special guideline for measuring the quality of construction and become As a disputation for the level of quality procured in a construction project in Malaysia. Rating of the workmanship get out be made through site inspections. Assessments ordain be conducted by a qualified evaluator of QLASSIC registered, trained and have passed the training conducted by the CIDB2.1.2 Objectives of QLASSICMasters Builders Association Malaysia (MBAM) (2006), stated that CIDB list down objectives of the QLASSIC systemTo cite the l evel of quality in the construction industry.To have a standard quality assessment system as a benchmark for quality of construction whole industrial plant.To assist contractors to achieve defect-free when carrying out construction work.To be use as criteria to evaluate the transaction of contractors based on quality of workmanship.To be used for data compilation for statistical analysis in estimating the level of quality and productivity of the construction industry.2.1.3 Scopes of QLASSICCIDB (2006), stated that this assessment is set out for the quality of workmanship for the assorted aspects of the construction elements for the world-wide building works. It pass on cover four main components which is, Structural works, Architectural works, Mechanical and galvanic (M E) works and External works. Assessments on the workmanship are carried out based on this standard and marks are awarded if the workmanship complies with the standards. These marks are then summed up to run a total quality puddle (%) for the building project.However, the assessment excludes works such as piling, foundation and sub-structure works which are heavily equipment-based and called under separate contracts or sub contracts. The building is assessed primarily on workmanship standards achieved through site inspection and field runninging. The assessment is do passim the construction process for structural and M E works. For completed building projects the assessment is done for architectural, M E fittings and external works. Apart from site inspection, the assessment also includes field tests, test results on the material and the functional performance of selected services and installations. These tests help to sentry duty the interest of building occupants in relation to safety, comfort and aesthetic these defects may surface only after some(prenominal)time.In addition, MBAM (2006), stated that QLASSIC sets out the standards for various construction elements in building work and other infrastructure work. The quality assessment on the workmanship and finishes of the construction work is based on these standards and points are awarded if the workmanship and finishes abide by with the standards. These points are then summed up to give a total quality scrape called the QLASSIC Score (%) for a project. The assessment is conducted at the construction site through inspection and field testing. The chump will be done on construction works that are inspected for the first time. Construction works that are rectified and corrected after the assessment will non be rescored. The objective of this practice is to advance contractors to do things right the first time and e rattling time2.1.4 Components to be assessedAccording to QLASSIC (2006), the quality standards for building construction work are split up into four main components-a) Structural worksThe structural integrity of the building is of paramount importance as the cost of failure and repairs a re very signifi lavt. The assessment of structural works comprisesSite inspection of formwork, steel reinforcement, prefabricated or pre-cast elements, etc. during construction.Laboratory testing of compressive medium of concrete and tensile strength of steel reinforcement.Non-destructive testing of the uniformity and the cover of hardened concrete.b) Architectural worksArchitectural works deal mainly with the finishes. This is the part where the quality and standards of workmanship are most visible. Architectural works are works such as floors, internal walls, ceiling, door and window, fixtures and fittings, external wall, roofs, driveway, porch and apron.c) Mechanical and Electrical (M E) worksThe quality of M E works is important in view of its increasingly high cost proportion and its impact on the performance of a building. The assessment covers electrical works, air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation works (ACMV), exonerate protection works, sanitary and plumbing work s, lifts, escalator and other basic M E fittings.d) External worksExternal works cover the general external work elements in building construction such as the linkways/ shelters, drains, road works, car parks, footpaths, turfings, playgrounds, gates and fences, swimming pools, hardscapes and electrical substation.2.1.5 Assessment burn upIn general, the assessor determines the samples or elements to be assessed to each assessment. The samples are selected from drawings and plans. The selected samples shall be distributed as uniformly as possible throughout the project and construction stages. solely locations are to be carryed for the assessment. The scoring will be done on the works that are inspected for the first time. When an assessed item does not comply with the corresponding QLASSIC standards, it is considered failed and an X will be noted in the assessment form. Likewise a v is given for an item meeting the standards. A - will be given to indicate that the item is not app licable. The score is computed based on the number of v over the total number of items assessed. (CIDB, 2006)MBAM (2006) stated that, it is impractical to assess all elements in a construction project, QLASSIC assessment uses a sampling process to carry out the assessment. The samples are selected from drawings and plans of the relevant construction project.a) Structural WorksThe assessment is carried out throughout the various construction stages. The numbers of samples are contumacious based on the gross floor area (GFA) of the building with a tokenish and supreme number of samples.b) Architectural worksThe assessment is carried out upon completion of the building project and before handing over of the project. The samples are determined based on the gross floor area (GFA) of the building with a minimum and uttermost number of samples.c) Mechanical and Electrical (M E) worksThe samples are determined based on the gross floor area (GFA) of the building with a minimum and maxim um number of samples. For completed projects the assessment is carried out upon completion of the building project and before handing over of the project. For projects in pull ahead the assessment is carried out throughout the various construction stages.d) External worksThe assessment is carried out upon completion of the building and before handing over of the project. The numbers of samples are determined based on (10m length section/ location) with a minimum number of samples.2.1.6 Evaluation process of QLASSICSTARTArchitectural workStructural workME workExternal workDevelopers / contractors shall made applicationAPPLY TO CIDB stove OF EVALUATIONNumbers of sample is based on guideline in CIS7Samples are identified before assessors make an evaluationSAMPLING FROM assessorQualified assessors will assess the samples. The quality standard based on CIS7.SAMPLING ON SITEQLASSIC SCORE (%)Report from CIDB based on the evaluation by assessors.FINISH2.1.7 QLASSIC assessorTo be an assess or, the persons mustiness pick up the QLASSIC training course before being qualified to carry out the actual assessment at the construction sites. The QLASSIC assessors are continuously updated to ensure consistency and stiff implementation of the assessment.Requirements of QLASSIC assessorMalaysian citizenAge 25-60 historic periodPossesses an academic qualification in construction related fields such as architectural/civil/mechanical/electrical engineering/ measuring surveyor or other fieldsSuccessfully completed the QLASSIC Assessor software documentation political platform.Posses minimum working experience in the construction industry fit to academic qualification as follows.2.2 Quality philosophy2.2.1 Quality conceptMany definitions had been made in order to explain the terms of quality. Hoyle (1998), define quality as a degree of excellence, conformance with requirements, the totally of diagnostic of an entity that bear its expertness to satisfy stated or implied t ake, fitness for use. In addition, he also stated quality as freedom from defects, imperfections or contamination. In other words, quality is focus on satisfaction needs and costumers remove as a first priority. In construction industry, the offer from clients to contractor to do projects with a terms and conditions need to be followed by contractors and if the projects is completed according the requirements given is a quality products.According to Besterfield (1998), quality apprisenot be calculated by with number or it intangible and it only can be measure by personnel perception. Quality only can be quantified as followsQ = P/EWhere,Q=QualityP=PerformanceE=ExpectationsAccording to the formula, if quality is greater, the costumer has a good feeling about the products deliver.2.2.2 Quality parameterAccording to Hoyle (1998), difference in design can be classified or group into assorted class and the results can be good or poor. It is not comme il faut to produce product only conform to the specification or append services that meet managements requirement. Quality can be classified in three parameters which isQuality of design is the extent to which the design reflects a product or services that satisfies costumer needs. All the necessary characteristics need to be designed into the product or service at the outset.Quality of conformance is the extent to which the product or service conform to the design standard. The design has faithfully translating the clients need and it depends on the processes to realize the design into an actual end products.Quality of use is the extent which the user able to secure perseverance of use from the product or service. Products need to have a low cost of ownership be safe and reliable and maintainable in use.2.2.3 Quality managementAccording to Juran (1989), basic purpose of quality management is to eliminate failure in services or products. Failure not only that products, process or services but it would be fail in their function or their function not satisfy to customer demand. Hence, the quality management consist of planning, organizing, controlling and preventing the products or services from failure. All the methods and technique that use in quality management must be utile to improve and increase the quality of the products or services. This quality management include inspection process. Inspection is a process where quality is measured before deliver the products or services to the costumer. However, inspection alone is not enough to deliver quality products or services, it must adopt with the other practice to prevent failure.Quality management is both technical and behavioral subject. Therefore, the management of quality involves many aspects of an organization and the organization must make sure all its function inter-related and work expeditiously and effectively because whenever any function fail to perform, they will effect to another.2.2.4 Quality controlQuality control is the operational activities or techniques used to fulfil the requirement for quality. In other words, it is a process to maintain standards and prevent from failure. Standard can be control by process of selection, measurement and correction of work. Quality control can be applied in the processes that produce products by measuring the overall quality performance of the organization.(Juran, 1989)There are step to control the qualityDetermine what elements need to be controlled.Determine whether it needs to be control before, during or after the result.Establish details for the parameter to be controlled.Establish plans for control which specify the means by which the characteristics will be achieved and variation detected and removed.Organize resource to implement the quality control.Install sensor at an appropriate point in the process. adopt the data.Analyze the results.Propose solutions and decide the technique to overcome the problems.Take the action and check again whether it has been corrected or not.2.2.5 Quality improvementQuality improvement can be be as an action taken by the organization to increase and improve the effectiveness of activities or processes to provide satisfaction to the costumer. (ISO,2000). In other words, process of changing the quality for the products or services that can improve the level of satisfaction to the costumer. This can be done by control or increase the standard. Control approach can be done by improving the rate at which an agreed standard is achieved. The second approach is by increase the standard and setting new level. New standard can be created by making research and cultivation to a products and services.2.2.6 Quality assuranceISO (2000), defined the quality assurance as a planned and systematic action necessary to provide adequate confidence that an entity will fulfil the requirements for quality. Costumers and managers need a quality assurance, as they cannot oversee the operation for themselves. The assuranc e of quality can be gained by testing a products or services against prescribed standards to establish in capability to meet them. This approach can give confidence only to the tested products. Quality assurance not controls the quality, it establish the extent to which quality will be, is being or has been controlled.2.2.7 Quality systemHoyle (1998), stated that system is a set of function or activities that operate together to achieve the aim. A success quality system will lead the organization to achieve, sustain and improve the quality. It is a planning, swell up evaluates and organized to produce a required quality performance. A quality system is the approach to achieve all desire quality goals. Quality system focus on the quality of the organization produces, the factors which will cause the organization to achieve its goals, the factors influencing the customer satisfaction and identify nonconforming product. Quality system needs to possess certain characteristics for them to be fit for their purpose.hardihood ability to withstand variation in the way operation are carried out without failureComplexity the number of interconnections, routings, pathways, variations, options, etc, which give rise double procedure.Maintainability the ease and economy with which system changes can be made.Flexibility ability of the system can handle the changes in circumstances.Consistency the ability of the documented system unifies communication both within itself and the organizations.2.3 Challenges faced by construction project team in implementation of QLASSIC2.3.1 IntroductionCIDB (2008) stated that equal any other countries around the world, Malaysian construction industries face the problems that happen upon the teaching of construction sector. If these problems not managed and addressed effectively it become worst. The construction sector will continue play an important role as a main contributor to the Malaysia economy. To make sure the construction se ctor become stronger, Malaysia introduced many ways and one of the ways by introducing the QLASSIC system by CIDB. Although it was introduced several years ago, the implementations of this system still not achieve the target. Only few projects were applied this system. This because there are few problems and challenges regarding implementing this system faced by construction team.2.3.2 Fragmentation and Disintegration of the Construction IndustryThe construction industry has remained a very fragmented industry where divers(prenominal) activities in the entire value chain of the construction processes are being undertaken by different parties, frequently undertaken in isolation, thus resulting in inefficiencies. In particular, the segregation of design and construction activities which is widely practiced does not promote consideration for factors like savings in labour utilisation, ease of maintenance, construction safety and the practicality of construction methods.(CIDB,2008)As a result of the neglect of such integration considerations in the industry, the process to implement the QLASSIC system to the construction projects is difficult. The different players are also become conflict and the implementation of this system become unsuccessful. This because there are many parties involved in construction projects. Thus, some of the parties will implement the system and some are not. So, the systems are not applied on the overall parts or elements that need to be assess in the construction projects.2.3.3 Foreign labourLabour-intensive naturalized methods of construction that are still prevalent in Malaysia. The adoption of such methods are encouraged by the cheaper cost of employment of opposed workers with cut back wages and the availability of such workers for short-term periods of work.. Another reason for the to a great extent dependency on foreign labour involves the fact that the local workforce is reluctant to be employed as construction workers i n the derisory trades, where the image of the construction industry has always been one that is Dirty, Dangerous and Difficult. (CIDB, 2008)As a result, the implementation of QLASSIC system in construction projects becomes a problem because foreign workers do not understand this system. They are not soften about this system by the authorities. Thus, it become challenges for construction team to make sure the construction projects meet the standard that need in the QLASSIC system.2.3.4 lack of RDCIDB (2008) mentioned, the local construction industry is characterised as one that is labour-intensive, which has resulted in numerous challenges as highlighted previously. There is a need for the construction industry to progress towards one that is more focused on variation and automation. However, the pace of innovation through RD and automation through the adoption of new construction methods are relatively low due to the abundance of cheap foreign labour. notwithstanding the lack o f RD initiatives in the Malaysian construction industry, there has been progress on the local front to encourage and stimulate RD activities in the construction industry.As a result, one of the factor this system did not get assistance from construction team is because lack of RD. Before this system introduced to the construction sector, the creditworthy authorities that doing this research must make sure that the information rumple from the research is enough and the opinion from all the parties involved in construction project is taking into consideration. This is because the construction parties are the main target as they will use this system. So, opinion from construction parties is the first priority to cortege with construction projects when implementation this system.2.4 Effective strategies in implementing QLASSIC2.4.1 Stepping up research and developmentWong (2007), stated that Research and Development (RD) is critical to productivity and quality. Improvements in the co nstruction industry such as snap off materials, more cost-effective design and construction methods and labour-saving equipment are often introduced by way of RD initiative. However, for RD to be useful there is a need to ensure that new technologies and capabilities are efficiently shared and adopted by players in the industry to enhance the quality of the building. At the present moment, the amount of Malaysian construction RD ranges from negligible to non-existent. On the other hand, RD conducted by local institution of higher learning is often perceived as not been able to meet industry needs. Hence, there is a need for stronger collaboration between academia and the industry in stimulating RD efforts in order to produce quality of the building.2.4.2 Raising the Skills takeAccording to Wong (2007), the reality is that so long as the industry has a ready access to a large number of foreign workers, there is very little incentive for the industry to upgrade itself. While recogni zing that the industry will continue to rely on foreign workers in the bordering and medium term, there is a need to reduce the number of inexpert foreign workers. CIDB, in collaboration with the National Vocational Training Council of Malaysia (MLVKM) ha s developed the National Occupational Skill Standards (NOSS) for the construction industry, for the purpose of developing acquisitioned manpower in the industry by development of training module for the various trades as well as for skill accreditation for career development of construction personnel.The Malaysian construction industry at present is largely dependent on low skilled foreign workers. As introduce new technologies and push for higher quality the demand for manpower especially foreign workers should be reduced.2.4.3 Enhancing professionalismEnhancing professionalism of the industry can be achieved at three levels, namely the individual, trade connection or professional institution, and the industry. At the individu al level, the curriculum of institution of higher learning should be enhanced to include common modules and soft skills. At trade association or professional institution level, Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Programme should be made mandatory for the renewal of professional membership as is currently practised by the plug-in of Engineers Malaysia (BEM), Board of Architect Malaysia (BAM) and Board of Quantity Surveyors Malaysia (BQSM). To synchronize professional practice and thinking, it is also necessary for each profession to draw up its own set of code of conduct. (Wong, 2007)This will help to lay the foundation for constructional skills needed for construction players. Hence it must constantly promote, recognise and reward creativity, quality work, and innovation to integrate the various processes in the industry, but also to project a more modern image.2.4.4 Training and EducationFirms that establish workplace education designs report noted improvements in their workers abilities and the quality of their products (Cebeci and Beskese, 2002). The importance of training is to ensure that the skills of the workforce do not become obsolete in an environment of change and an understanding and attitude of quality is developed and maintained. Training should be directed at all levels of the organization to understand the QLASSIC process.2.4.5 Integrated approach to constructionAccording to Wong (2007), the construction industry is highly fragmented due to the sequential nature of the construction process. One of the major causes of low productivity and quality is the lack of integration of activities across the construction value chain. Consequently, mistakes in the construction stage resulting low quality of the building.So, through integration focus on effective interpersonal relationships, jointly planned work, identifying and solving problems will produce better quality. QLASSIC is one of the methods that need the integration by all the constru ction players to implement it.2.4.6 Rewards and recognitionAn important feature of any quality improvement programme is showing due recognition for improved performance by any individual, section, and department or division within the company considers recognition as one of the most important steps of the quality improvement proce

Properties of Phagraphene via Hydrogenation and Fluorination

Properties of Phagraphene via Hydrogenation and FluorinationModulation of electronic and machinelikely skillful properties of phagraphene via hydrogenation and fluorinationDonghai Wu ab, Shuaiwei Wang ab, Jinyun Yuanab* Baocheng Yang ab, Houyang Chenc*a Institute of Nano organized in ope proportionalityn(p) Materials, Huanghe skill and Technology College, Zhengzhou, Henan 450006, Chinab Henan provincial key research laboratory of nanocomposite and application, Zhengzhou, Henan 450006, Chinac Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of un apply York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-4200, USA________________Abstract Recently, a new ascorbic acid copy sheet, phagraphene, was proposed by theoretical calculations Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 6182. In this paper, the hydrogenated and fluorinated phagraphene (denoted as H-PHA and F-PHA) sheets nurse been systematically audition employ first-principles calculations. The results of institution brawniness, a b initio molecular dynamics, phonon dispersion and waxy constants back up that the modified phagraphene sheets argon thermodynamically and dynamically as well as mechanically stable. We find that hydrogenation or fluorination is an in effect(p) way to modulate the ringgap, and we as well find that adsorption-induced semimetal-semiconductor passage and adsorption-induced semimetal-insulator transmutation occur. Configuration-dependent traffic circlegap for partially H-PHA and configuration- unaffiliated bandgap for amply H-PHA argon resolute. Adsorption-ratio-dependent bandgaps of H-PHA and F-PHA ar in addition identified. Calculated bandgaps from HSE06 and PBE operables of amply H-PHA ar heavy(p) than those of F-PHA, and they argon comparable to thehydrogenated/fluorinated penta-graphene while they be larger than their equal graphene. Dependence of bandgaps of to the full H-PHA and F-PHA on the tensile strain is investigated, and our calculations show that an insulator-semiconductor transition occurs upon increasing the tensile strain. Our results besides determined that the mechanical properties argon controllable by using hydrogenation and fluorination. The calculations of Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio reveal the functionalized phagraphene sheets possess suitable stiffness and resistance to volume deformation, and some(prenominal) argon smaller than the original phagraphene.1. IntroductionTwo-dimensional (2D) vitamin C-based materials have been attracting massive attention due to their fascinating mechanical, thermal, electronic, optical and magnetic properties.1-11 In particular, graphene is the intimately representative example. Since synthetized by Novoselov et al.6 in 2004, graphene has been extensively studied for its iron stability,12 richly crystal quality,13 captivating mechanical and electronic as well as thermal properties.14-18 The covalently bewildered h nonpargonilnessycomb lattice with perfect hexagonal symm etry of graphene plays a crucial role in forming Dirac cones,19 which gives graphene massless fermions, resulting in the anomalous quantum Hall effects,20 ultrahigh flattop mobility21 and other properties.22, 23Recently, a new one C sheet, phagraphene,19 composed of sound containing five, six, and seven century atoms, was proposed by theoretical calculations. It cornerstone be con lookred as a defective graphene.24 This planar carbon allotrope is slightly more seismic than primitive graphene while energetically more favorable than other carbon allotropes.19 The notable stability benefits from its sp2-hybridization and dense atomic packing structure.25 Zhang et al.19 have be that the electronic structure of phagraphene has didactics-dependent Dirac cones, which argon robust against external strain with tunable femtometer velocities. This unique performance makes the phagraphene an advanced material for numerous applications in photoelectric technology.However, like graphene , the phagraphene suffers a major drawback of zero bandgap and rather robust gapless state, adjustment its potential applications. In order to overcome this disadvantage, we use hydrogenation and fluorination to modulate its bandgap in this paper. Thanks to the surface unsaturated C-C dangling bond,26 the chemical modification by adsorbing non-carbon atoms on the surface is an effective way to create a bandgap and song the electronic, magnetic and mechanical properties of graphene.14, 24, 26-32 Hydrogenation is not only the simplest and manageable adsorption unless also the generating hydrides be undimmed hydrogen storage materials in postcode field.33, 34 The fluorine atoms with ultrahigh electronegativity be adsorbed on the graphene surface forming fluorinated graphene, which have been investigated experimentally and theoretically.14, 35, 36 afterward adsorbing such atoms, the forming C-H and C-F bonds could give rise to the carbon atoms turning their hybridization state from sp2 to sp3, 33 correspondingly, the morphological and electronic properties would undergo striking alterations.In this work, by employing first-principles calculations, the effect of hydrogenation and fluorination on the bandgap opening of phagraphene sheet is examined. After hydrogenation or fluorination, the bandgap of phagraphene could be opened sizably, changing its electro-conductivity from Dirac semimetal to semiconductor or from Dirac semimetal to insulator. The structural stability and mechanical properties of the modified phagraphene sheet argon also investigated.2. computational detailsAll the first-principles calculations and abinitio molecular dynamics (AIMD) were carried out by meanness functional theory (DFT) with the projector augmented wave (PAW) method and performed by the capital of Austria abinitio simulation package (VASP)37 . The 2D periodic boundary condition was pick out and a vacuum space of 20 along the perpendicular subscribeion of the phagraphen e sheet was included in order to avoid the interactions in the midst of bordering layers. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE)38 was applied as the exchange-correlation functional in most of the calculations. Meanwhile, to accurately calculate the band structures, the hybrid Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE06)39 was introduced. The Brillouin zone (BZ) was sampled using 2 - 0.01 1 Monkhorst-Pack40 k-point mesh tautness, and the plane-wave basis set with cutoff energy of 600 eV was adopted. The total energy residual of 105 eV and hale tolerance of 102 eV1 were used for the convergence criteria of geometric optimization and self-consistent field. The phonon properties were calculated by the Phonopy package41 with force constants comeed by the finite displacement method.423. Results and discussion3.1 Structural properties look 1 displays the structure of phagraphene19 together with its hydride and fluoride. The hydrogenated or fluorinated phagraphene (denoted as H-PHA or F-PHA) sheet is obtained by adsorbing hydrogen or fluorine atoms on both sides of the plane. For in full H-PHA and F-PHA, the ratio of C H/F is 1 1. After optimization, the structures of both in full H-PHA ( recruit 1c) and amply F-PHA (Figure 1d) are greatly distorted compared to pristine phagraphene (Figure 1a), resulting in disordered symmetry with a space group of P21/m (No. 11). The 5-6-7 carbon sound no longer remain in the same plane and find crumpled. The buckling height hb (i.e. the height mingled with the bottom and top carbon layers) of in full H-PHA (0.856 , see Table 1) is larger than that of F-PHA (0.704 ), and they are much larger than those of hydrogenated/fluorinated penta-graphene (0.42/0.40 ) and graphene (0.46/0.49 ).12 The calculated C-C bond distances of pristine phagraphene in Table 1 are in agreement with previous calculations,19 indicating the computational method is valid. All the C-C bond distances in to the full H-PHA and in full F-PHA are enlarged compared to the pristine phagraphene, and are close to that of 1.546 in diamond43 while larger than that of 1.42 in graphene.1 These facts indicate the C-C bonds of phagraphene transform from the sp2-hybridization prongy bond to the sp3 single bond by hydrogenation or fluorination. The C-C bonds of fully F-PHA are longer than those of fully H-PHA, which can be explained by the de existence of stick orbitals between carbon atoms.27 The depopulation of these bonding orbitals stems from the electron transfer between carbon and hydrogen/fluorine atoms. The C-C bonds (C4-C4 in Figure 1) connecting the adjacent 5- and 7-carbon rings are enlarged to a greater extent than others, which is because of the repulsive interactions and steric effects between the adjacent both H/F atoms in the same side of phagraphene. The C-H and C-F bond distances are approximately 1.11 and 1.38 (Table S1), approaching to the typical hydrocarbon and fluorocarbons comp ounds.44 Similar structure distortions and C-C bond elongation are name in hydrogenated/fluorinated penta-graphene and graphene.12, 26, 443.2 constancy analysisTo investigate the stability of H-PHA and F-PHA, the binding energy Eb and formation energyEf are calculated (definitions of Eb and Ef are given at Section S1 of Supporting Information). The determine of Eb are -2.540 and -2.977 eV/atom for fully H-PHA and fully F-PHA (see Table 1), respectively, implying voiceless interactions between C and H/F. A possible explanation of the upstanding attractive interactions between C atoms (of phagraphene) and H/F atoms is that, by adsorbing H/F atoms, the C-H/C-F bonds are formed, and the C-C bonds of phagraphene elongate greatly, which could partially release the stress compel by the 5-6-7 carbon rings.12 Another important factor for synthesis is the formation energy, which applies to measure the stability against molecular desorption from the surface.44 The negative Ef (-0.276 eV/ atom for fully H-PHA and -1.615 eV/atom for fully F-PHA) means that the surface modification is exothermic process and the H-PHA (or F-PHA) has pocket-sizeer energy than that of pristine phagraphene and H2 (or F2) molecules. The Eb and Ef of hydride are larger than those of fluoride, which are in accordance with similar systems of hydrogenated/fluorinated graphene (-2.48 eV -2.86 eV)27 and penta-graphene (-3.65 eV -4.22 eV).12 It is noticed that the Eb of fully H-PHA and fully F-PHA are close, whereas the Ef of fully H-PHA and fully F-PHA have huge difference. This is because of large difference in the dissociation energy of H2 and F2 molecules.27The thermal stability is also important for H-PHA and F-PHA and is evaluated using the AIMD simulations with a 2 - 2 - 1 supercell and a time step of 1 fs for 5000 steps at room temperature (300 K) and k K. Temperature (T) and total energy (Et) as functions of simulation time are plot in Figures 2 and S1. T and Et converge to constants and the fully H-PHA and F-PHA keep their integrate structures during the AIMD simulations at the setting temperature. These facts demonstrate that hydrogenated or fluorinated phagraphene not only possesses robust thermal stability at room temperature, but also is yucky to high temperature such as 1000 K.In order to examine the dynamic stability, the phonon dispersion curves along the high symmetry points in the BZ and the corresponding phonon density of states (PDOS) are calculated(Figure 3). No imaginary frequencies are found for both fully H-PHA and fully F-PHA, demonstrating that they are dynamically stable. There are three obvious acoustic modes in the bottom of the phonon spectra for the two structures, and the double degenerates arise along the XZ path of the BZ. These features are similar to the pristine phagraphene,19 graphene45 and its derivatives.12 From the PDOS, one can see that the H-PHA has a tremendous phonon gap of approximately 40 THz, while it is small for F-PHA (about 3 THz). The vibration frequency is inversely proportional to the effective atomic mass,12 thus the larger phonon gap of H-PHA than F-PHA may be attributed to the much lighter atomic mass of hydrogen than fluorine atom. Meanwhile, the narrow down high frequency zone around 87 THz in Figure 3a is corresponding to the C-H bond vibration modes of H-PHA, in accordance with the reason of hydrocarbon.46 These C-H stretching modes are infrared active and useful in characterizing this compound.44 The low frequency range from 5 to 10 THz in Figure 3b mainly consists of the phonon modes of C-F bonds. The middle frequency range is dominated by the doubt of C atoms. The C=C double bonds were broken by hydrogenation/fluorination, resulting in the disappearance of C-C vibration modes in the region of 40-50 THz for pristine phagraphene.193.3 electronic structuresIn order to explore the electronic properties and bonding features, the band structures and density of states (DOS) of partial ly and fully hydrogenated/fluorinated phagraphene are calculated using both PBE and HSE06 functionals.As an example for partially H-PHA, 60% hydrogenation of phagraphene is chosen and quaternity stable configurations (see Figure S2) are designed. The band structures of these configurations are shown in Figures 4 and S3. One can see that the band structures disperse greatly to single band, leading to the distinct peak appearing in the DOS at the EF. Meanwhile, a sub-bandgap rigid below or above the primary bandgap was observed. From calculations with PBE functional (Figure S3), the bandgaps of the four-spot configurations turn from 2.65 eV (Figure S3a) to 1.72 eV (Figure S3b) to 0.93 eV (Figure S3c) to 0 (Figure S3d). The PBE functional usually underestimates the bandgap of materials.12 To obtain a more accurate Egap, the hybrid functional HSE06 is adopted. The calculated bandgaps with HSE functional in Figure 4 are 3.70 eV, 2.46 eV, 1.56 eV and 0.54 eV for the four configuratio ns. therefrom, one can conclude that the bandgap of partially hydrogenated phagraphene depends on configuration and adsorption-induced semimetal-semiconductor transition occurs. Such a functionalized 2D material with a proper bandgap has promising applications in optoelectronics and microelectronics.29, 47The band structures and DOS of fully H-PHA and fully F-PHA are shown in Figures 5 and S4. From calculations with PBE functional (Figure S4), fully H-PHA and F-PHA have direct bandgaps of 4.29 eV and 3.23 eV, respectively. To examine the influence of configuration on the electronic properties, another four configurations of fully hydrogenated phagraphene (see Figure S5) are taken into account. The calculated band structures of the five configurations (Figures S4a and S6) are almost the same and the bandgaps are approximately 4.29 eV, indicating that the Egap of fully hydrogenated phagraphene is independent of the configuration. Similar behavior was found for fully hydrogenated grap hene.27 We also calculated the band structures and DOS with HSE06 functional (Figure 5), and obtained that Egap for fully H-PHA and fully F-PHA are 5.37 and 4.98 eV, respectively. These values are comparable to the Egap of hydrogenated/fluorinated penta-graphene (5.35 eV and 4.78 eV) while they are larger than those of corresponding graphene (4.97 eV and 4.74 eV).12 Obviously, the Egap of F-PHA is smaller than that of H-PHA. Similar results are found in cases of hydrogenated/fluorinated graphene26, 27 and penta-graphene.12Compared to the pristine phagraphene with zero bandgap, the surface modification via hydrogenation or fluorination can effectively job its electronic structure from semimetal to insulator. Analysis of the partial DOS (Figure 5) reveals that, for H-PHA, the electronic states closemouthed the Fermi level (EF) are primarily originated from the C atoms, while they are dominated by both C and F atoms for F-PHA. Additional, from Figures 4 and 5, one can conclude that t he bandgaps of H-PHA and F-PHA depend on the adsorption ratio of H and F atoms.We also examine the effect of strain on the band structures. The obtained stress-strain curves of fully H-PHA and F-PHA under biaxial loading (Figure S7) show that their fracture strains are 0.17 and 0.13, respectively. By changing the biaxial tensile strain, the bandgaps of fully H-PHA and F-PHA remain the direct gaps (Figures S8 and S9). Furthermore, upon increasing the biaxial tensile strain, the bandgap of fully H-PHA increases first and then decreases (Figure 6a), whereas the bandgap of fully F-PHA decreases monotonically (Figure 6b). These behaviors indicate that bandgaps depend on the strain. Strain-dependent bandgaps of other 2D materials were also determined previously.48-52 More interestingly, our calculations show that the bandgap of H-PHA reduces from 5.62 eV ( = 0.10) to 4.42 eV ( = 0.17) and the bandgap of F-PHA decreases from 4.98 eV ( = 0) to 3.01 eV ( = 0.13), indicating that an insulator -semiconductor transition occurs with the tensile strain changes.To visually describe the electronic structure of fully H-PHA and F-PHA, we calculate the charge density. As shown in Figure 7, the charges are spread after hydrogenation or fluorination. Compared to the charge densities of C=C bonds in pristine phagraphene (see Figure S10), the charge densities of C-C bonds in H-PHA and F-PHA are reduced. For H-PHA, the shared charges donated by hydrogen are mainly located between the carbon and hydrogen atoms. For F-PHA, a large number of charges are focused on the fluorine atoms. This difference is a consequence of the different electronegativity of hydrogen and fluorine. For a selected element, its draw play of electrons becomes stronger with higher electronegativity.53, 54 The electronegativity increases gradually from hydrogen to carbon to fluorine.53 Thus the charge transfer is from hydrogen to carbon atoms in H-PHA while it is from carbon to fluorine atoms in F-PHA, which is c onsistent with other hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons.12, 55-57 Moreover, the charge density between H and C is lower than that between F and C, implying the weaker C-H interaction than C-F. The Mulliken population analysis58 shows that the transfer charge amounts are approximately 0.22 and 0.33 electrons for H-PHA and F-PHA, respectively, manifesting the weaker bond strength of C-H than that of C-F.3.4 mechanised propertiesSince the ultrathin 2D phagraphene as well as its derivatives is susceptible to external influences, including mechanical deformation,24 it is necessary to develop an in-depth understanding of their mechanical properties for practical application. The elastic constants are calculated (definitions are given at Section S2 of Supporting Information) and the obtained results are tabulated in Table 2, together with the existing reference data24 for comparison. All the elastic constants of fully H-PHA and fully F-PHA satisfy the mechanical stability criteria of C11C22 C122 0 and C66 0 for 2D sheets,3, 59 indicating that they are mechanically stable. The in-plane Youngs modulus (E) and Poissons ratio () can be derived from the elastic constants using the formulas of E = (C112 C122) / C11 and = C12 / C11.24 The E of fully H-PHA and F-PHA are 151.3 and 176.3 N/m (see Table 2), respectively, which are consistent with the results from the stress-strain curves (149.2 and 178.5 N/m for fully H-PHA and F-PHA, respectively). The Poissons ratio of fully H-PHA and F-PHA are 0.078 and 0.152, respectively. Because the larger E implies the stronger stiffness and the larger Poissons ratio signifies the stronger incompressibility,24 the F-PHA has better stiffness and resistance to volume compression than the H-PHA, which may ascribe to the stronger C-F bonds than C-H bonds. Compared to pristine phagraphene, the E and of H-PHA and F-PHA are significantly reduced. Such drop-off may be related to their different charge density distribution and bond nature.1 2, 244. ConclusionsIn summary, we systematically study the structure, stability, electronic and mechanical properties of hydrogenated and fluorinated phagraphene sheets. Our results show that H-PHA and F-PHA are thermodynamically and dynamically as well as mechanically stable. The binding energy and formation energy of fully F-PHA are smaller than those of fully H-PHA, implying the stronger stability of F-PHA than H-PHA. After hydrogenation or fluorination, the bandgap of phagraphene is opened properly, resulting in an adsorption-induced semimetal-semiconductor transition or adsorption-induced semimetal-insulator transition. Strain-induced insulator-semiconductor transition is also identified. Our band structures demonstrate that bandgap of fully H-PHA is insensitive to the configuration whereas the bandgap of partially H-PHA is sensitive to the configuration. Adsorption-ratio-dependent of H-PHA and F-PHA is also determined. The obtained bandgaps from both PBE and HSE06 functionals of fully F-PHA are smaller than fully H-PHA. The charges are transferred from hydrogen to carbon atoms in the fully H-PHA while it is from carbon to fluorine atoms in the fully F-PHA. The irresponsible Poissons ratios of fully H-PHA and F-PHA manifest that they can well resist the volume deformation.Both the Youngs moduli and Poissons ratios of the two phagraphene derivatives are significantly smaller than the pristine phagraphene. This investigation suggests that hydrogenation or fluorination is an effective strategy to modulate the electronic and mechanical properties of phagraphene for its possible applications in nanoelectronics.AcknowledgementsThe authors make out the field Natural lore Foundation of China (21401064, 21206049 and 51472102), the Natural science Foundation of the Education Department of Henan Province (15A150060), the National Natural Science and Henan Province United Foundation of China (U1204601), Special Program for use Research on Super Computation of the NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund (the assist phase), and Leading Talents for Zhengzhou Science and Technology Bureau (Grant No. 131PLJRC649) for supports. We thank the National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou and the High performance Computing Center of Huanghe Science and Technology College for the computer time provided.References1.A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov and A. K. Geim, Rev. Mod. 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