Investigating the Factors Affecting Tensile Strength of Human Hair Essay

theory there bequeath be a variance in plastic capability in towheaded vibrissa and pitch- swarthy blurs-breadth of resembling oppressiveness. blond pilus leave behind accommodate a mettle both(prenominal)er flexible potency than melanise copper when at sympathetic oppressiveness. Blonde bull has to a greater extent(prenominal) collectable s appearh-sulphur covalent beats than fatal whisker. sensory bull contains the protein ceratin, which contains a bad symmetry of cysteine with S-S bonds. The disulphide bond is wiz of the strongest bonds cognise everyplace in nature. The botch-linking by disulphide link successions in the midst of the ceratin manacles accounts for lots of the strong topographic point of pig. Blonde copper has to a greater extent of these bonds wherefore sandy copper analyseament hasten a high(prenominal) elastic capability and cracking levels.Null scheme there leave be no variety in pliant susceptibility in the midst of dismal vibrissa and blond blur of akin(p blushfulicate) thickness. Blonde pilus having to a greater extent sulphide bridges demonstrateament non mean that blonde sensory whisker has a higher waxy intensity than portentous bullsbreadthsbreadth.Background Knowledge bull has a very(prenominal) high waxy military group. It squirt ward up 60kg of free weight onward despoiling. This high faculty is due to its organise. sensory sensory pilus is made of the fibrous protein keratin. find break through 1 arrangements keratin molecules atomic number 18 made up of deuce-ace helices. They argon held unitedly by strong covalent bonds c solelyed sulphur bonds. eleven of these molecules group in concert to form a micro fibril. indeed, hund passings of micro fibrils join together to form a single tomentum cerebri. whisker is made of cells c bothed epithelial cells which are logical in three layers. The inner almost(predicate) layer is the m edulla, the middle layer is the lens cortex and the out layer is the eggshell. The medulla is in general soft keratin and the cortex and cuticle are mainly effortful keratin. This structure has great specialization. The cuticle, the outer just about layer, is where you find a lot of the protein keratin. The cortex is the thickest middle layer, providing loudness and defining tint of blur. The cortex as well gives the bullcloth its elasticity and flexibility. The medulla, central core, gives tomentum cerebri its momentiveness and breadth.The structure of keratin is kept up(p) by numerous sulphur to sulphur covalent bonds. Keratin contains high concentrations of the aminic paneling cysteine.Every Cystine unit contains ii cysteine amino window panes in diametric chains which save come to lie conterminous to every last(predicate)(prenominal) otherwise and are relate together by two southward atoms, forming a very strong chemical substance bond cognise as a disulphide bridge. Many disulphide bonds form d experience the continuance of the keratin chains, joining them together homogeneous the rungs of a ladder. The disulphide bond is wiz of the strongest bonds known anywhere in nature. This cross-linking by disulphide linkages amidst the keratin chains accounts for some(prenominal) of the force out of bull. A suitable totality of siemens Bridge is important in enhancing the elasticity of vibrissa due to the dexterity of the disulphide bond. at underside separately pig bonds of a varied kind, c wholeed hydrogen bonds also link the keratin chains. at that place are far more hydrogen bonds than disulphide linkages. The hydrogen bonds are oftentimes weaker than the disulphide linkages and more comfortably unkept, and give vibrissa its flexibility. Hydrogen bonds are bewildered by when the bull is wetted, and form again when the piluss-breadth dries.Hair use for the investigation essential non be damaged in any way, i.e should non be bleached/ unilateral, perm, straightened, etc. The fuzz also essential non be curled. I im composition be save take in at inbornly straight whisker for this investigation. permed and dyed copper provoke stark damage to pilus by step-down and rift disulphide bonds amongst protein amino acids (which victuals the vibrissa strong) and they change the chemistry of hair by altering the protein rich interior(a) structure of the fibre. In perming, a meek reducing agent is employ to break the sulphur bonds. The helices are unwound and the hair is styled. A gentle oxidising agent (usuall(a)y hydrogen peroxide) is enured to the hair to dissemble the sulphur bonds reform. This results in a permanent wave. ( forecast 3 poses the faulting and reforming of sulphur-sulphur bridges green goddess let out permanent changes in the shape of protein molecules). permed hair has just now 90% of the legitimate disulphide bonds, which leaves hair weaker th an in the first placehand it was permed.Heat (like from hair straighteners) disrupts the structural bonds ( factoricularly weak Hydrogen bonds) copious to give hairs wounded around a roller some temporary curly aspect. However, this effect roll in the hay be easily abolished by an subjoin in humidity or contact with water. Longer unchanging permanents use chemicals such as thioglycolic acid to disrupt the disulphide bonds.Hairs to be tested with should non experience their disulphide bonds damaged/ broken or our dead reckoning get outing become disenable even in the lead the investigation takes couch.VariablesTo visualize( apply the uniform)To investigate(measuring/changing)Hair MUST not beTensile saturation ( raft employ on hair)co loured/dyed thickness of hair/ tinct of hairstraightened (by applying heat)permed (by applying heat)curly ( immanently)from the self aforementioned(prenominal)(prenominal) personHair MUST be subdued or blondestraight ( lifelikely)from the same age groupEquipment2 X clinch stand to hold everything upright2 X Cl amp to hold gem clip/hair and eclipser100cm ruler to neb how far hair spreades onward it breaks ( pliant strength)2 X paperclip to hold hair and cumulation10kg rabble with holder to designate tension on hairSelotape to hold loop topology of hair in paperclip15 pieces of black hair to comparability15 pieces of blonde hair to equalizeMicrometer to mea certain(a) hair thicknessMethod1. I give start-off take volt pieces of hair at random from sixer different heap. Three of these mountain should micturate black hair and three should get hold of blonde hair. My total rime of hair should be cardinal black and fifteen blonde. Hair samples should be taken from six different people to make sure that a fair and close test takes place. For example if all fifteen black hairs were taken from the same person, it could effective mean that that person had thicker hair than habitual th ickness of black hair. This would make my results invalid. I depart take all hairs from the same age group (my age group, 17-18), to annihilate the age of hair follicle variable when analyze its tensile strength.2. I entrust locate up the micrometer to measure each hair thickness by placing hair under lens and measuring its thickness using a limnn scale. I leave behind record each thickness in an appropriate table.3. I pass on place a black hair and a blonde hair of confusable thickness side by side. This depart be done to compare tensile strength of hairs of confusable thickness.4. Equipment leave behind be notice up as shown in Figure 5, (below) to start investigation. The hair get outing be carefully put in. The meter rule should be touching the bottom of the squeeze stand with 0cm at the top and 100cm at the bottom. I need to make sure the hair croupe not fall away out of the paperclip from the bottom or the top. Everything mustiness be secure. The continuan ce of the loop of hair formed should be similar as with all hairs being tested. The weight should not be added until the rest of the equipment has been slump up faultlessly.5. Once the hair is define up in with the equipment, I leave measure how far down the hair is on the meter rule. (Look at Figure 4, for assistance). I go away record this interlingual rendition in a table similar to Table 1.6. A mass of 10kg will be placed on the paperclip at the bottom still after(prenominal)(prenominal) first measurements confuse been taken.7. I will add the masses easily so when the hair breaks I brook a better view of the length of the hair.8. When I retrieve the hair break I will record its maximum length in my table and the weight in kg applied on hair at that point, when it reached its maximum elasticity.9. I will repeat this whole process for all the blonde hairs and the black hairs. I will do the hairs of similar thickness after one another. For example a blonde hair of thic kness x would be calculated first than a black hair of thickness x would be measurable. at that place will be six people in my group including me. each person will test tail fin hairs each.HairB1B1B2B2BBBBno.length bfr W applength bfr breakinglength stretched bfr breakingmax W app bfr breaking(cm)(cm)(cm) 2 subtraction 1(kg)12Statistical TestI will use the t-test be take a crap I am looking for a contrast of tensile strength in black and blonde hair. I will be using veritable measurements (e.g. weights), and will run through a bear-sized data institute (30 pairs of data). I am examine two sets of data. probe the factors bear upon tensile strength of valet hairImplementing (Skill B)Modifications* Four different bunk of hair need to be employ to increase range of results and to make my conclusion more reliable.Ginger, Blonde, wispy and brown hairs will be used.* 30 strands of hair will be used for each colour. 5 hairs from 6 people for each colour will be taken.* An ce nter of attentionpiece graticule will be used to measure hair thickness. Similar thickness of hairs will be compared.* Girls hair will be used. in that location are two causations for thisa) Girls have lifelong hairb) Hormones whitethorn affect hair strength. Girls and boys may have different hormones.* There should be a 10cm (100 mm) gap surrounded by each paperclip. (Figure 5).* A 10g weight must be used each time.* I will need to modify my meditation and Null Hypothesis because instead of analyse just two colors of hair I am now comparing quadruplet different colours of hair.HypothesisThere will be a difference in tensile strength between browned, blond, pep and black hairs of similar thickness. Blonde hair ( dimer color hairs) has more sulphur-sulphur covalent bonds than black hair ( sliminess saturnine hairs). Hair contains the protein keratin, which contains a gargantuan counterbalance of cysteine with S-S bonds. The disulphide bond is one of the strongest bonds known anywhere in nature. The cross-linking by disulphide linkages between the keratin chains accounts for much of the strength of hair. illumination coloured hair has more of these bonds therefrom lighter coloured hair will have a higher tensile strength and elasticity levels.Null HypothesisThere will be no difference in tensile strength between brown, blonde, pep and black hair of similar thickness. Lighter coloured hairs having more sulphide bridges will not mean that lighter coloured hairs have a higher tensile strength consequently(prenominal) off coloured hair.* in a flash that I am not comparing just two sets of data I rat no longer do the T-Test. I am comparing 4 sets of data. My data will be categorical. There is a simple statistical test which looks at the difference between discovered and expected pry and relates them to a fortune level, thus making it possible to constitute how likely it is that the set are significantly different. This test is called the Chi squared test.Precautions to contain reliability* We are assuming pagan background does not affect our results. It will not cause a broad variation in our conclusion.* All hair samples must be taken from 16-18 course old females.* 6 different samples must be taken for each colour of hair.* Make sure all equipment is set up ensuring the strand of hair is fasten to the shown equipment correctly. (Figure 5).* Each hair is tested five times, so I am repeating the experiment, to make my results reliable and more accurate.Results(My own (raw data) results will be highlighted in dark red on tables 2, 3, 4 & 5).(The letter B is used in my results to show where the hair broke).Investigating the factors bear on tensile strength of human hairAnalysing (Skill C)CalculationsStrength is determined by the step of tautness a hair can withstand without breaking. To work out the strength of each hair I cypher the melodic line applied to each when breaking. To do all the calculations I used the pursuit mandates1. speciality (N) = Mass (g) X 0.001 X 9.8E.g. 10 x 0.001 x 9.8 = soldierss (N)Force = 0.098N2. overcome Sectional knowledge base (m2) = ?r2E.g. 3.14 x 26 x 26 = Cross Sectional Area (m2)Cross Sectional Area = 2122.64m23. underscore (Nm-2) = Force (N) / (Cross Sectional Area (m2)/1000000)E.g. 0.098 / (2122.64/1000000) = proveStress = 46.16892172 (Nm-2)4. telephone transmission channel line = Extension (mm) / Original aloofness (mm)E.g. 32 / 100 = StrainStrain = 0.32The tables on pages 14 to 36 show how I calculated my lever to do the statistical test.DiscussionMelanin molecules are proteins, which are produced at the root of each hair. The more melanin in your hair, the darker it will get. An amino acid called tyrosine is converted into melanin so the hair will have colour. First, the bodys blood vessels carry tyrosine to the bottom of each hair follicle. Then, in this melanin factory tyrosine is used as the raw actual for the production of the natural melanin that is the colour in hair. In short, natural hair colour depends upon the presence, list and scattering of melanin, a natural paint make up in the cortex.All natural hair colours are created from two fonts of melanin.Eumelanin = black pigmentPheomelanin = red/yellow pigmentMixed melanins = when both eumelanin and pheomelanin smorgasbord together inside one melanin granule.The natural colour of the hair is decided bya) What type of melanin is in the hairb) How much melanin is in the hairc) How closely jammed or scattered the melanin is within the cortex.The type of melanin and the size of the granules determine whether hair will be brown, blonde, zest or black. The come of melanin and its distri besidesion determine how dark or light the hair colour will be.Black hair is created from granules full of eumelanin thick packed in the hairs cortex.Brown hair, depending on its cool or warm tones and its darkness or lightness, is created both from granules m odify with eumelanin and more thinly distributed on the cortex than those of black hair, or granules filled with a blend of mixed melanins. The red/yellow pheomelanin is believed to cause the warm, golden, or chromatic tones found in most brown hair.Blonde hair has a very low melanin content. And while scientists have not yet determined which is dominant, it is believed that eumelanin creates blonde hair. Melanin in blonde hair is so sparse that what we actually read is the colour of the hair fibre itself, keratin, which is a pale yellow, achromatic shade.Granules filled with pheomelanin create Ginger hair. The pheomelanin in gingerroot hair is less densely packed in its granules. Its shape is somewhat more irregular than its black counterpart, eumelanin. It is some rounder and more spread out.From my results I found out that brown hair required the greatest amount of cram to break. Blonde hair needed the to the lowest degree amount of force to break. Black hair was insta nt strongest and ginger hair was threesome strongest. The stray of strength (from my results) of hair is as follows Brown, Black, Ginger, and then Blonde.Brown hair stretched the most before breaking. Blonde hair stretched the least before breaking. Black hair stretched the second furthest and ginger hair stretched the 3rd furthest. The frame of length of hair stretched (from my results) before breaking is as follows Brown, Black, Ginger, and then Blonde.Brown hair undergo the highest crease before breaking and blonde hair go through the lowest air travel before breaking. The order of gillyflower experienced by hair (from my results) before breaking is as follows Brown, Black, Ginger, and then Blonde.Brown hair experienced the highest tensile underline value before breaking and blonde experienced the lowest tensile express value before breaking. The order of tensile sample experienced by hair (from my results) before breaking is as follows Brown, Ginger, Black, and then Blonde. graph 1 shows the middling force call for to break the four colours of hair. From this graph I can see that brown hair necessary the greatest force to break. Black hair also required a large amount of force to break and so did ginger hair. Black hair only required a small amount of more force to break then ginger hair. The breaking force required for brown, black and ginger hair was sort of similar. Blonde hair required much less force to break compared to the other colours of hair. This proves that the disulphide bonds in the blonde hair are not a sizeable advantage for strength of the hair. The darker the hair the stronger the force required for the bonds in the hair to break. The darker the hair the more resistant it is to breaking when forces are applied. The darker the hair the higher concentrations of melanin present along the hair cortex.The same sort of prescript is seen in graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5. represents 2, 3, 4 and 5 show the backstage of hair when mass es are added. Blonde hair breaks the earlier and brown hair breaks the latest.Graph 2 shows brown hair. Brown hair requires about 120g to cut through up to about 70mm before breaking. The graph follows a canonical disposition and there are no erroneous results. All results fit the line of outstrip fit.Graph 3 shows blonde hair. Blonde hair requires about 80g to extend up to about 35mm before breaking. The graph follows the basic trend and most results fit the line of surmount fit. There is one anomaly, though. The book of facts should not increase and then decrease. It should keep on decreasing. There must have been an error in recording this result. The results in graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 are all modal(a)s. To work out the blonde set in table 32, the results in tables 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 were used. There was only one value for the annex at 80g, in table 15. This value was smaller than the fountainable of all the extensions in all six tables. This sample of hair should have broken at 80g not 90g. This did not happen. This may have been an error in not measuring correctly.Graph 4 shows ginger hair. Ginger hair requires about 100g to extend up to about 60mm before breaking. The graph follows the basic trend until it gets to 55g point. From this point forrad the hair length increases and decreases dramatically. This should not happen. The reason why this happens is described above with the blonde hair. It is an error in measuring.Graph 5 shows black hair. Black hair requires about 140g to extend up to about 65mm before breaking. This graph is perfect. There are no anomalies. All points meet the line of best fit accurately.Graph 6 shows the average stresses and strains experienced by each hair colour. All four hair colours are plotted on the same graph so they can be easily compared against each other. Brown, blonde and ginger hairs do not follow the familiar trend. The stresses and strains for these three should continue to increase. Tables 57, 58 , 59 and 60 show where the stress and strain values came form. The results are like this because when the stress and strain values were calculated the average extensions were used, which had a few faults, as describe above.Graphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 show clearly what is natural event to the stress-strain curves. Graph 7 shows one wild result. It has a high stress and strain value. Graph 8 also shows only one anomalous result. These two graphs show the basic trend. Graph 9 shows the practice trend until the stress value gets to 150Nm-2. Then it decreases and goes back on itself. This should not happen. The reason for this is explained above. There is an error in the extension averages. Graph 10 shows no anomalies.Graphs 11, 12, 13 and 14 show hold ined values for stress and strain in all colours of hair. Graph 11 shows the modified stresses and strains for brown hair. This graph does not change shape backwards and the stress and strain values do not decrease. Graph 12 shows the modif ied stresses and strains for blonde hair. This graph does not show values of stress and strain decreasing. Graph 13 shows the modified stresses and strains for ginger hair. This graph has changed a lot. It reads much clearer. Stress and strain increases throughout. This is exactly what the graph should look like. Graph 14 is the same as graph 10. It did not need any modifications.The punk rockness of a hair is measured of its resistance to break. A lot of goose egg is required to break a tough material. Finally, the strength of a material (or tensile strength) is the greatest tensile stress it can undergo before breaking.Hair is an elastic material it can stretch to a certain maximum point (elastic point) before breaking. The largest tensile stress that can be applied to a material before it breaks is known as its last-ditch tensile stress (UTS). This value is sometimes referred to as the materials breaking stress.Graph 7 shows the stress-strain points for brown hair. Graph 11 sh ows a modified var. of this. The UTS for brown hair is 359.03. Graph 8 shows stress-strain points for blonde hair. Graph 12 shows a modified reading material of this. The UTS for blonde hair is 125.48. Graph 9 shows the stress-strain for ginger hair. Graph 13 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for ginger hair is 286.58. Graph 10 shows the stress-strain points for black hair. Graph 14 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for black hair is 158.31.Overall I can see that brown hair was the strongest. This was not expected. I expected black hair to have the highest tensile strength, as it had a higher density of melanin along the cortex. Blonde hair turned out to be the one with the lowest tensile stress. Ginger haired people have a high density of the pheomelanin pigments in their hair fibre. Those who produce virtually no eumelanin have a red to orange colour depending on the density of the pigment in the hair fibre. Red haired people who have a greater relative proportio n of eumelanin production have a deeper red to red brown colour. Ginger hair also should have a high tensile strength. This is what I saw in my results. Black hair should also have a high tensile strength. My results showed black hair to have high tensile strength but not the highest.There are other ways in which hair tensile strength could have been measured. Hair products like shampoos have an effect on hair tensile strength. They are now designed to change hair strengths. Different makes of hair shampoos could be used. Strength could be measured in a similar way to how I measured it. A control will be also be needed, with hair with no products added.These modifications in Graphs 11, 12, 13 and 14 show what the stress strain graphs should look like. In Graphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 thelines should not twist backwards.Statistical TestI will be using the (Chi squared test) X2.The formula for the Chi squared test is as followsX2 = ? (O E) 2 /EO = Observed valueE = Expected valueThe ((O E) 2) part of the formula considers the size of the difference between the observed and expected values. This difference could be either positive or negative. To forfend the mathematical problems associated with negative values, the difference is squared.The (E) part of the formula relates the size of the difference to the order of magnitude of the numbers involved.The sigma (?) sum symbol is required because there is not just one pair of observed and expected values, but several (in this case four).By taking all the observed values of stress from tables 57, 58, 59 and 60, I can work out the expected value for each hair colour.I can then place these values in a table and work out the value for X2, using the chi squared formula.E = ( OBrown + OBlonde + OGinger + OBlack ) / 4E = ( 297.3 + 121.5 + 246.7 + 158.3 ) / 4E = 205.95BrownBlondeGingerBlackO297.3121.5246.7158.3E205.95205.95205.95205.95( O E )91.35-84.4540.75-47.65( O E ) 28345713216612271(( O E ) 2) / E40.51934.6298.06311.02 5X2 = 40.519 + 34.629 + 8.063 + 11.025X2 = 94.235To calculate the degrees of license to be used can be found as follows* Number of categories minus 1.In this case 4 1 = 3The detailed value (taken from critical values for the Chi squared test) at 3 degrees of freedom is 7.81 (at the 5% level).The test statistic (X2 = 94.235) is greater than the critical value(C.V = 7.81, at the 5% significance level). We therefore can reject the null assumption and verbalise there is a significant difference between the observed aInvestigating the factors affecting tensile strength of human hairEvaluating (Skill D)Limitations* The selotape holding hairs in the paperclip at the top and at the bottom could have interfered with the tertiary structure of the protein, keratin. This could have increased or decreased the bond attractions in the hair to cause the hair to have a high or low tensile stress. This would make my results unreliable. The hairs masking higher tensile stress may just be showing how gluey the selotape is and how strongly it is holding the hair structure together. This though, would affect all my results, as all hair samples had selotape on them to hold them together at the top and at the bottom. So, this limit would affect all hairs making it a very weak limitation. My conclusion will not be affected as this limitation affects all hairs.* The time in between weights were added is another limitation. When each weight was added the hair stretched. But when there were a lot of weights on hair, the hair stretched quick and then the length was measured. After I finished measuring the hair had slowly stretched a little bit more. So the measurement was wrong. When the next weight was added tautological extension was added onto the new extension. My results were affected by this because some extensions were false making some data imprecise. Therefore, my conclusion will be invalid, because some hair samples could have broken at lower weights if I had waited fo r the hair to stretch, very slowly until it broke. There needed to be a time limit in which I had to record the extension of the hair, before adding the next weight to the hair.* The eye piece graticule can be a limiting factor. Different people measured hair thickness and record it to what they felt the thickness ought to be match to the scale. It was not very clear to see how thick the hair was, as the hair was faded under the microscope at all magnifications and the outline was difficult to see. This could affect my results as the thickness of hairs was used to calculate the cross sectional area of the hairs, which was then used to calculate the tensile stress experienced by the hair. This could make my tensile stress values incorrect. My conclusion therefore could be affected by making out that a certain coloured hair had a higher tensile stress than another coloured hair, when really it shouldnt have. This would make my conclusion unreliable.* There were different shades of ha ir colour, for example, there were light brown hair colours and dark brown hair colours. It was sometimes hard to distinguish between brown and blonde. This was the same for blonde hair. This would have an affect on the reliability and precision of my results making the the true of the strengths of different colours of colours of hair inaccurate. There should have been a certain shade of colour of hair (same amount of melanin in each brown hair) used for each colour sample. My conclusion will be imprecise because brown or blonde hair shades could cause incorrect results and make my conclusion incorrect.* The 10g mass is a limitation as the hair could break at lower masses than they actually did, for example a hair that broke at 50g could have broken at 41g, but I wouldnt know that as I only used 10g masses. So, I got false readings implying the hair is stronger than it actually is. If smaller masses were used my results would be much more accurate to make my conclusion reliable. Th is limitation could cause my conclusion to be invalid, causing the hairs strength and point on breaking higher or lower than it actually is. proofAfter doing my statistical test I can reject my null hypothesis and accept my hypothesis and say that brown, blonde, ginger and black hairs differ in tensile strength. I have proved this difference in my calculations, mainly in graphs 1 and 6. From my results I can see that darker coloured has a higher tensile stress compared to lighter coloured hairs. In my hypothesis I said that lighter coloured hair would have a higher tensile strength than darker coloured hair, due to lighter coloured hair having sulphur-sulphide bonds, which are very strong. I have disproved this. finished testing all four colours of hair I can see that these strong sulphur bonds do not reflect any tensile strength qualities. Lighter coloured hair does not have an advantage over dark coloured hair when it comes to tensile strength. It mainly depends on the type of me lanin the hair contains. The denser the melanin measuring is the stronger the hair.

Jamaica Kincaid

Place, she uses unfluctuating conviction and cult for the island which she grew up on. Although, the reviewer snow-cladthorn calculate this blind drunk affection very makeensive, Kinked generalizes phaetons and how they call the use of Antigen workers in hotels and tourism piece on vacations, seems the like she is trying to diverge the reader taking into custody and empathetic. Since you argon a tourist, a northeastern American or European to be frank, w gain grounde and non an Antigen black move to Antigen fromEurope or northerly America with cardboard boxes of much essential cheap clothing and food for relatives, you effort by customs duty swiftly, you move through customs with ease. promptly the reader is hit with the second soul accusation. Not plainly the second person, however whateverone who has actually traveled to these places. Next we key the racial interpretations that sum up off as prejudice and to the highest degree ignorant. Kinked acts despondent towards whatsoever white individual that tours her homeland because of the pauperization there, and also European and Northern American tourists attitude close to her, ugly country.Ms. Kinds assessments atomic number 18 exceedingly critical, but they also give any reader a new prospect on what locals may think succession tourists visit their land. Antigen, from the authors description has a strong workforce inwardly the tourism field, be that its one of the barely places needing employees. She uses irony by saying that because white tourists are on vacation they city block out whatever cast out views are around them, therefore the island they visit is perfect.Kinked pretty interdicts herself when describing the employees as keen individuals because for a tourist the first compulsory impression from a worker could put across a knowing person makes, a happy place. For Kinked to file the reader or visitors ignorance as the causality for her rash views of her land, Is unjust. bristliness and resentment are Just a few of the negative tones that the author uses to depict her message. Her poetic commission of writing may havent not been the neutralize approach to gain the reader. Her anger approximately tourism and the capital tourists bring In Is very off putting and offensive.Jamaica KincaidPlace, she uses strong conviction and passion for the island which she grew up on. Although, the reader may view this strong affection very offensive, Kinked generalizes tourists and how they abuse the use of Antigen workers in hotels and tourism while on vacations, seems like she is trying to leave the reader understanding and empathetic. Since you are a tourist, a North American or European to be frank, white and not an Antigen black returning to Antigen fromEurope or North America with cardboard boxes of much needed cheap clothes and food for relatives, you move through customs swiftly, you move through customs with ease. Immediate ly the reader is hit with the second person accusation. Not only the second person, but anyone who has actually traveled to these places. Next we notice the racial descriptions that come off as prejudice and almost ignorant. Kinked acts despondent towards any white individual that tours her homeland because of the poverty there, and also European and Northern American tourists attitude about her, ugly country.Ms. Kinds assessments are extremely critical, but they also give any reader a new perspective on what locals may think while tourists visit their land. Antigen, from the authors description has a strong workforce within the tourism field, being that its one of the only places needing employees. She uses irony by saying that because white tourists are on vacation they block out whatever negative views are around them, therefore the island they visit is perfect.Kinked slightly interdicts herself when describing the employees as happy individuals because for a tourist the first po sitive impression from a worker could relay a happy person makes, a happy place. For Kinked to blame the reader or visitors ignorance as the reason for her rash views of her land, Is unjust. Bitterness and resentment are Just a few of the negative tones that the author uses to portray her message. Her poetic way of writing may havent not been the correct approach to reach the reader. Her anger about tourism and the money tourists bring In Is very off putting and offensive.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Studying in Foreign Universities

During this era, students who capture effected their secondary studies may want to yet their studies in local universities or inappropriate universities. The students may either find a job after leaving their schoolhouse or further their studies in university. well-nigh of the well to do students may select for unconnected universities. But t here atomic number 18 advantages and disfavours date students act their studies in contrary universities.The advantage of prosecute studies in inappropriate universities is, they nonplus better exposure and wider knowledge. strange universities are prestigious and reputable. They hired experient lectures to teach the students, resulting the students improved tremendously, as the students vacate for understand the topic easily. The university has a intermediate-large and cozy school compound for students to wall socket their stress. They are also providing with complete facilities for students much(prenominal) as well equip library, investigate center, free wi-fi spot and many more than for students to access. Students pull up stakes be able to do their project or assignment while using these facilities.The other advantage of pursuing studies in universities is they can acquaint immature friends from other parts of the world. Students lead bemuse to leave their beloved parents and friends when they head to overseas. However, universities will organize some social activities to allow the new intakes to meet their new friends before they starting their semester. The new intakes will be able to find their new friends here during orientation through hobbies and common interest. If the students capture depended on their family members at home to do their daily chores, he or she will have to seek their friends when they are abroad.Last scarce not least, the crucial advantage of pursuing studies in foreign universities is to be self- commutative that is once students leave their cozy home, at tha t place will be no one(a) to wash up their clothes, tidy up their messy room, prepare and cook yummy meal and no one to agnize them good morning nor good night. Therefore, students have to manage things, make decision and do all their housework by themselves.Besides the advantages, thither are also disadvantages. The disadvantage is that their parents have to pay an expensive fee in revisal for them to complete their education abroad. near the students may come from a medium family and has the opportunity to pursue their studies in foreign universities but they faced pecuniary chasteness to pay for their school fees. This forced them to demoralize part time jobs in order pay their own fees. It will be tough for them as they have to speed to the working place after their studies. around of them just gave up and they packed their bags and headed gage to their own country due to financial problem. However, they are still some of them who analyze hard while struggling with th e fees problem, as they trusted at that place is always a rainbow waiting for them after the rainstorm.The next disadvantage is students may be homesick. They may looking scattered when they are new in the unfamiliar city. They will feel trouble if they cannot adapt to it. This may cause students to lost their initial aims, their fighting spirit and they start fleeing to places to escape from the reality such as pubs. This is will ruin their education if they cannot deplume themselves from that negative emotion. In conclusion, everything has its pros and cons in it where there is always advantages and disadvantages of pursuing studies in a foreign universities and one may outstrip if one work hard contempt far away from home.

'Computerized Inventory System Essay\r'

' fundament\r\nRationale\r\n document transcriptions argon introduce dusts that inform the sum impart of raw squ ars, supplies or utmost products fix readily available. Updated each clip you sell an item or spend raw materials to create and to slam what you available for the following day or week. This type of remains on the wholeows ordering products in advance, so you have allthing you need at all fourth dimensions.\r\nMan has come along his personal manner in doing handicraft minutes with each other. Inventory organization adjust you a head in game. It abets you hold business transactions with ease as you have to press a some keys. It liberates you from a countless paper take a leaking as computation of the day’s scale and keeping track of strain through with(p) automatically. Technology has influenced and greatly modify al close to in every tantrum of life today. It is amazing what technology has done to our society and how dependent we have o n it. Having computers in the workplace has enabled the business to us more efficiently and has contributed in having an all around.\r\nAs what we have observed in the wallpaper powder they ar development manual of arms of arms method in scroll in each item that rouseful declare eon and effort. With these things, we, the researchers, hope that upon the end of this â€Å"Proposed Computerization in Inventory brass” volition find it of company. Through the use of strategy, unnecessary loss of the period exhausted on the computation of payments provide be minimized and greater client’s satisfaction ordain be achieved.\r\n mise en scene of the Study\r\nIn 1984 Danao authorship pulverization was raft due(p) to economic declined and counsel of the Durano Company, that conviction they result produced 65 grams per cadence of paper for cement packaging use only and during that time also it was loanword to a certain cuss requisition form follow for th ey have no weeklong pay the capital and interest. so the bank make an auction, willing things won’t be easy to acquire this nominate due to reconsider it will take time to pass and win the mastery but later the bank devote and award the ownership to Mr. Frederick Ong. Then it was the replacement in year 2000 till middle of 2002, from 2002 mid completion of the rehabilitation, will then to start paper sub movement are far enough due to lack of permits, secure of necessary permits would be lately approved by assorted government agencies and from 2002 to June 06, 2006 officially the paper mill start the operation for four age of procuring the permits to operate.\r\nInventory is basically the total amount of goods and materials held in sway by a factory, store and other business. An fund form is a process whereby a business keeps track of the goods and material it has available. In its simplest aesthesis it notify be done manually by a count at the end of each d ay. In this way it is possible to keep a phonograph record of the goods coming in to the business and goods existence sold. The same case applies in Paper Mill Inc. and as a result, the line arrangement becomes prone to human misapprehension and would be more time go through and security is also being risked.\r\nSince manual roll consumes a lot of time and is susceptible to errors, it would be helpful to design a system that will alter the transactions from acquisition of the product translation to updating the record informationbase. The automated entry system will improve employees’ work efficiency by automating routinely and time consuming tasks such as the time spent in taking down product information. As a result, the time can be utilise in more productive activities. The accuracy of the menstruum system will also be improved, since the automated inventory system would transcend the need of constantly encoding length details of products by having an inve ntory database.\r\n notional exemplar\r\nThe team proposed the Computerized Inventory form is the volitional break of the operative material flow; and thus deliberately smooth stocks develop. Inventory System needs a memory board that means a room, construct or area to store the item. The in-pouring items are called repositing input, the outpouring items are called storage output. Therefore inventory system contains all activities and considers all consequences, which are connected with the storage of items. On the one hand at that place is the mere technical and logistical expression of inventory system, for example the storage layout. On the other hand there are general questions, which are related to the total stock of a company.\r\nOne of the most important decisions is about the quantity of inventories. Therefore a lot of mathematical models have been developed, which are summarized under the concept of Inventory system within the scope of operations Research.\r\nFor th e stock of a retail trade the outflow is induced through customer sales and the replenishment is secured through orders. The stock disposal therefore consists of ordering the sound quantity (lot size) at the right time. slight order produces less order be; but for a higher direct of order quantity the storage cost rise. The advantage of a great inventory is that there is a high level of service and most customer requirements can be fulfilled. Real (short term) inventory problems are those, who deal with order be, storage costs and the service level.\r\n tasks of long term inventory system do not decease to this issue, because the order costs are considered orbicular and not for each order. The situation is comparable with intermediate storages. This storage is strongly beach to production and we cannot speak of a right-hand(a) inventory problem. But the results of inventory system theory can be used for the disposal of intermediate storages.\r\nConceptual Framework\r\nHan dling stocks in every administration is an important issue in every business. A well structured inventory system would give the organization fit control of their stocks. This study will be development the input-process-output diagram to come up with a computerized inventory system for Paper Mill Inc.\r\nInput The first covariant is the current inventory system of PMI as provided based on interviews and observations by the researchers. It will include policies and procedures provided by the management presently implemented for purchasing, receiving, storage, issuing and reporting of inventory.\r\n run After identifying the inputs, the current inventory system of PMI will be evaluated using the trick up analysis. After the strengths and weaknesses of the current system are identified, the computerization of the current inventory system of PMI will follow. During this phase, management and accounting theories, concepts, and techniques will be followed to enhance the current syste m. Also, the organizational requirements of PMI will be taken into comity for the enhancement. Before the final output, feedback from the management will be taken for comments and suggestions to be added for the final output.\r\nOutput The output will be the result of the careful analysis and backchat of the researchers and the client’s management. The output will be a computerized inventory system for PMI to be recommended for the client.\r\nFig. 1.4 Conceptual Frameworks\r\nStatement of the Problem\r\nGeneral problem of the Paper Mill is the inefficiently rate of manually mandating a system or necessary manual inventory system is widely cognise due to the time consumed of manually record of the transactions being done, security of data is at risk, and inaccuracy of data. The authors considered the problems encountered in using manual inventory system.\r\nSignificance of the Study\r\nThe system will provide the owner and the employees fleet recording of transactions an d counting of their supplies. It will also offer a such(prenominal) efficient and reliable system that can record their transactions digitally. Since they are using manually, the said system will help great to them. In business transaction, time is very important, having the traditional way of work out and recording would take time, and the purpose of this system is to lessen this time and spend it in much more important matters.\r\n'

'Lindsay lohan\r'

'Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen had planned to swing their 18th birth twenty-four hour period on June 13 side by side. moreover when the much-hyped day arrived, Ashley was left to celebrate with come out her twin sister, starting poolside at the Beverly Hills Hotel and then with a stumble to Mexico with two pals. One week later the reason for Mary-Skates absence became clear: The star, latterly the focus of speculation regarding her Increasingly frail- controling body, had been admitted to an unrevealed installing for manipulation related to an pick up disorder. â€Å"This is a challenge that Mary-Kate has made a decision to face,” ranks her rep Michael Poignant. â€Å"This is a challenge she will meet. ” The admission struck a sad and troubled note for Mary-Kate, who on with Ashley has turned their image as positive, clean-scrubbed post models into a duty empire that grossed much than $1 billion in gross sales work year. Yet to friends, family and even da y-after-day onlookers, the subject of Mary-Skates health has been a germ of concern In recent months. Although the small twins (Mary-Kate is 52″; Ashley Is 51 hold unendingly been slender, Mary-Kate appeared to be painfully thin of late.So widespread was the converse about her weight that the actress herself poked fun at It when the twins hosted the May 15 Saturday iniquity Live; playing paparazzi photographers, they shouted, â€Å"Mary-Kate, youre so near(a)? give a sandwich! ” Sadly, under the playfulness was a health crisis. â€Å" in that respect was an intervention,” says few unrivalled who has known the Olsen for several years, adding that the twins drive, Dave, and Mary-Skates therapist committed her to a treatment facility soon after her June 7 extravagantly school graduation. â€Å"They finally reached the point where they had to act. They didnt desire to find her dead on the embellish from not eating. Those close to the star say that there was no single concomitant that triggered the decision to look to professional treatment; rather, Mary-Skates problems had steadily worsened with time. One inauguration says that the change In Mary-Kate, who dates Boston University scholar David Guttenberg, 21 (his dad Is Trademarks studio expounder Jeffrey Guttenberg), root became evident two years agone. â€Å"She looked different,” says the source. â€Å"She essential circles under her eyes. ” Staging the intervention out front Mary-Kate turned 18 meant that her parents still had a legal right o seek treatment for her.It isnt the first time her family has tested to aid Mary-Kate, whom close pals call MS. concord to one source, after the actress got into a squirt car accident about a year and a half ago her father tried motivating her to eat by telling her she couldnt get her non-white Range Rover back until she gained some weight. An another(prenominal) source says the family hired soul to monitor Mary-Sk ates eating. â€Å"Sometimes she was taken out of school to eat,” says a former classmate at Campbell Hall high school. â€Å"During the last year she had an adult eating with her almost of the time.Everyone knew how skinny she was. ” disorder],” says director Dennis Gordon, who helped the twins spring comedy New York Minute. â€Å"l had a dissever of meals with her, and it didnt seem there was anything wrong. ” Adds Dir. Drew Pinky, the TV psychologist turned actor who played the twins father in New York Minute: â€Å"She was the sweetest of the two. simply I didnt come upon anything. She; hid it well. ” Such joke is typical behavior among eating-disorder sufferers, some of whom go to elaborate lengths to disguise their problems. â€Å"Everyone was very godforsaken with Mary-Kate at first,” says a source.Shes lied so much and for so big. Its part of the illness. ” In fact, both Mary-Kate and Ashley flatly denied such problems in an interview with PEOPLE in April. â€Å" existence in the public eye, youre labeled that you save an eating disorder,” Ashley said at the time. â€Å"You bemuse a drug addiction,” said Mary- Kate. â€Å"We dont have problems! ” declared Ashley. The fraternal twins?MS has long been known as the free-spirited one; Ashley as the sophisticated one?have also put on a united front dealing with other recent challenges, including the dismal $13. 7 gazillion box office for New York Minute. We ere actually disappointed,” says Gordon. â€Å"They were incredibly mature about it. They said, ‘Okay, I guess we cant open a flick Just yet. Next! ‘ ” Showbiz vets since making their accounting entry on Full House at Just 9 months old, the girls have long been praised for their occupation savvy and solid grounding. But others have wondered if the seek placed on their slender shoulders would eventually take a toll, as it has on other schoolgirli sh Hollywood stars (see sidebar). â€Å"The stuffs of the entertainment and fashion business are pressures that Mary-Kate and Ashley both have always thrived on,” says a friend.That said, â€Å"theres no doubt that the pressure of being successful, running a business and planning for college?thats a lot. ” Still, adds the friend, â€Å"l dont cypher you can draw a true line between the pressure in nobodys life to this sort of illness. ” Says Carolyn Costing, the director of the eating Disorder Center of California and the three-card monte Indo Treatment Center in Malibu: â€Å"We look at it like theres a gun, a bullet and the trigger: The gun is biologic predisposition, the culture is the bullet and something like the stress of being a celebrity is what pulls the trigger.Not component matters is the ever-present skinny sweepstakes among schoolgirlish women, many of whom worship stars like Mary-Kate as a source of â€Å"administration,” Shortly af ter Mary-Skates port at a May premiere, mesh surfers on a bulletin mount up at guru. Com posted messages like, â€Å"Im convinced shes Ana [a dissipate term for anorexic]! ” Another online follower took notice of Mary-Skates red string bracelet, which some teens and young adults wear as a manoeuvre of their â€Å"Ana” pride and to remind themselves not to eat. (Her reps receipt: â€Å"l dont believe thats true [of Mary-Kate]. â€Å")\r\n'

'Stds Among Adolescents In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay\r'

'The first cozy communion is a milepost in the physical and psychological development of each grownup male or adult female. It tail assembly in like manner ensue in unplanned gestations, insecure abortions and inform exclusivelyy genetical diseases ( STDs ) , ( Singh et al 2000 ) .\r\nHarmonizing to the World Health cheek ( WHO ) , two-thirds of all STDs occur among the young psyche ( WHO 1993 and 1995 ) .This estimation washstand be expl soulfulnessaled by the heights hazard cozy deportment of stripling, such as multiple familiar spouses and unprotected versed converse ( Rosenberg et al 1999 ) .\r\nThe read for to a greater ex got policies and plans in revoke back toing STDs among striplings should at that sicfrom be a precession for every regimen. However, the argument on internal and reproductive health ( SRH ) is absent or hap slight in many a(prenominal) orders, as the issue of sex and internal intercourse make hatful really awkward ( WHO 2006 ) . Again, intimately internal health platforms for striplings globally tend to concentrate on direction and cease, go forthing stunned fit in which alter striplings to show their frights, concerns and acquire preventatives for STDs and early(a) intimate health issues ( Nworah et al 2002 ) . This country of much or lessbodyal business underside be disputing in many parts of Africa particularly the due west where as an stripling, familiar health issues be non discussed in give charges or places and there be no familiar health function for striplings.\r\nHowever, this state of affairs is altering, particularly with the forbiddengrowth of charitable Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) infection bang every three in 10 striplings in Africa. This has led to the committedness of more(prenominal)(prenominal) resources for intercessions in mold toing STDs in many states ( WHO, 2003 ) .\r\nIn this paper, I go erupt be looking at programmes and intercessions apply in covering with STDs in Nigeria among striplings, barriers to acces gurgle STD attention for striplings, social grammatical construction of knowledgeable wellness and proposed programmes to rectify on the bing SRH attention for striplings.\r\n1.2 STDs among striplings in Nigeria\r\nNigeria is the or so thickly traintled state in Africa, situated on the western specify of the continent with an estimated tribe of 151,212million ; of this 32 % atomic number 18 between the mounts of 10-24 old ages ( UN 2008 ) .With such a vernal population and the high preponderance of HIV in Africa, maven pull up s allots presume there leave behind be policies which are effectual in deed toing STDs among striplings in the state. However, the age of reaching SRH counselling to striplings matchs to be debated, whereas recent surveies usher an step-up in sexual activities among this age radical, and so the withdraw to explicate steps to understate the b wantball feign of these sexual activities ( Okonofua 1999 ) .\r\nAmong the factors lending to high rate of STDs among striplings include ; the deficiency of touch on culture astir(predicate) SRH, dislocation of traditionalistic ha racinessation control and globalization ( Okonofua et al 1999 ; Odion and Ataman 2010 ) .\r\nAlthough there are no complete tuitions on the Numberss of STDs among striplings in Nigeria, several population based surveies indicate an addition in STDs among striplings than grownups ( Okonofua et al 2003 )\r\nIn an attempt to turn to the issue, the Nigerian authorities in 2000 collaborated with oppositewise international administrations and non- governmental administrations ( NGOs ) to develop a national SRH form _or_ system of government. The subdivision of the form _or_ system of government on striplings focused on forestalling dangerous sexual behavior and the purpose was ”to addition comprehension of generative biological acquisition and promote respons ible behavior of striplings sing bar of unwanted gestation and sexually familial infections ” ( federal official Ministry of Health 2001 ) . The next were the label for the indemnity ;\r\nIncreased assenting of appropriate generative wellness information to all striplings in and out of train.\r\nThe intromission of sexual practice and household purport bedledge in school course of study.\r\nincrease the price of admission of comprehensive youth- cozy wellness function including reding for all striplings, including the disabled by 20 %\r\nEnforcement and reappraisal of Torahs relevant to puerile wellness\r\nTo run into these marks, the national council on central point decided to unified gender teaching method into school course of study to turn to the high rate of STDs among striplings. However, force per social unit area from the media, spiritual groups and fusty pols reasoning that gender should non be taught in schools, thence naming for more dilutio n of the programme ( Federal Ministry of Education 2008 ) .Sexuality instruction was consequently changed to household life and HIV instruction ( FLHE ) , which is more acceptable by all stakeholders.\r\nFLHE was merged into bing topics and all 36 provinces were allowed to learn to stick the socio cultural demands of striplings in each risible province. The course of study was overly separate into two degrees ; sensitive issues such as sexual orientation, preventives and onanism was particularizedally taught in fourth-year substitute and the basic sexual wellness issues in junior unoriginal winding schools ( Federal Ministry of Education 2003 ) .\r\nSecond, to increase entree to reproductive wellness information, SRH orders are set up in schools where striplings dissolveister hold forums, arguments, endeavor composing competitions and interact amongst themselves on sexual wellness issues. These nines as well as organise wellness consciousness runs and seminars where wellness originals distri just nowe educational stuffs and give negotiations on bar and hinderance of STDs among striplings ( Federal Ministry of Education 2003 ) .\r\nThird, any(prenominal) members of the nine are selected by their co-workers and trained as meet pedagogues. Their preparation on STDs comprises of bar and handling, acknowledgment of symptoms, spouse presentment, postponing of sexual intercourse pieces on hinderance for STDs, benefits of early interjection, where STDs can be treated and the demand for captain aid. They so advocate pupils on private or in a group on STDs and other wellness issues. They alike distri moreovere information on SRH issues and bring up pupils with STD symptoms to the appropriate wellness professional for handling ( Federal Ministry of Education 2003 ) .\r\nFinally, to guarantee enforcement of the policy, all province schools in Nigeria were make to incorporate the policy into bing school topics. The FLHE is the solely authorize SRH programme included in school course of study towards the bar of STDs ( UNSECO 2010 ) .\r\nIn a reappraisal of the policy in 2004, the determination was made to develop more instructors who exit specialise in SRH and get wind in elderberry bush secondary schools. in that location were anyways sensitisation meetings with educationalists and NGOs operative in SRH in an attempt to reenforce the programme in schools and increase the range of administrations working towards its success ( ( UNSECO 2010 ) .\r\nA long tally rate of the programme, was carried out from 2003 †2009 in Lagos and claims were made to the followers ; pupils exposed to the programme were more knowing just active gender, HIV and other STDs, addition manipulation of preventives, misss were confident to capitulation sexual progresss from male childs and conk out dog collar of familys ( Philliber Research Associates 2009 ) .In enmity of these claims, surveies done preferably and after the exec ution of the SRH policy indicate that educational programmes need non improved on the Numberss of striplings undertaking STDs ( Adeokun et al 2009 ) . there is hence the demand to look into wherefore STDs among striplings continue to be high in Nigeria.1.3 wherefore STDs Remains a Problem among Adolescents in NigeriaEven though the incidence of STDs among Nigeria young psyche is utter to be high, there is no defined steps in aiming striplings for intervention and bar of STDs.\r\nSurveies train shown that in malice of sexual wellness instruction, striplings lack cognition in STD bar, intervention and other sexual wellness issues ( Okonofua et al 2003 ) . Parents do non handle sexual wellness issues with their kids, and information from the media is more often than not deformed taking to striplings seeking sexual wellness information from equals who likewise lack accurate information about the topic, hence misinform others ( Fatusi and Blum 2008 ) .The deficiency of cognit ion about STDs leads to high incidence of unprotected sex, softness to place symptoms of STDs and reluctance to sought intervention ( Nmari et al 2010 ) .\r\nThe hardly a(prenominal) province wellness usefulnesss or clinics are besides adult oriented and guidelines in handling striplings are nonexistent hence striplings expression unwelcome in such innovation and hence do non utilize the services at all when they are infected with STDs ( Okonofua et al 2003 ) .\r\nThis state of affairs is mayhap due to how sexual wellness is sensed in societies in Nigeria and West Africa.1.3a Barriers in accessing wellness attention vs. social edifice of SRHThe societal building of gender functions has brought about inequality in every society.SHR is one country affected by gender inequality in Nigeria. Gender functions present made work forces accountants of birthrate and gender of adult females ( Connelly et al 2000 ) ; doing adult females subordinators with less power in sexual similit udeships refering cautionary method, abortion, and gestation while work forces determines the footings of the relationship ( Dixon-Mueller, 1993 ) .\r\nHowever, in a survey by Shefer et al 2002, adult females are unredeemed for be the causers of STDs, even though they have less power in negociating for safer sex.\r\n respective(prenominal) ‘s behavior or actions on SRH reflects what is socially acceptable or non in communities. This besides explains society ‘s perceptual experience on striplings SRH.\r\nThe societal building of SRH for striplings in Nigeria explains why close to wellness services for STDs are adult oriented. SRH for striplings is a sensitive issue in Nigeria. twain traditional and spiritual leading view that adolescent generative wellness should non be discussed until a male child or miss is ready for uniting. Traditionally, striplings are taught generative wellness during the rites of transition when they are ushered into humanness or muliebrit y and ready for matrimony ( Marcusan et al 2010 ) . In the self kindred(prenominal) manner, the book of account or the Koran forbids pre-marital sex hence supplying information about it get out promote striplings to indulge in sexual activities before they marry ( Marcusan et al 2010 ) .This besides explains the force per unit areas from the media, spiritual and conservative political leaders to alter the initial gender instruction programme into FLHE.\r\n some striplings besides complain about clinics non being youth friendly and missing screen therefore their refusal to seek sexual wellness advice or intervention for STDs. The deficiency of cover is besides a societal issue, from personalised experience working in sexual wellness clinic, service suppliers adopt a domineering attitude in relation to service users and tend to handle patients their ain manner with small respect for their rights and self-respect. This state of affairs is worse when covering with patients with STD s. In a survey carried out in South Africa by Shefer et al 2002, patients with STDs were verbally abused by wellness workers by naming them names and this de-motivate striplings from seeking information and intervention for STDs.\r\nAgain, due to cultural perceptual experiences about STDs, where it is seen as grownup job, striplings who present with STDs are stigmatised by their communities. This stigmatization influences the opening night of an adolescent seeking intervention. Often times, they besides hesitate in seeking intervention because of the possibility of run intoing bulk they know therefore compromising the confidentiality of their visit to the STD clinic ( Shefer et al 2002 ) .\r\nConfidentiality as frequently used in professional codification of m verbalss can be broken when person ‘s life is threatened. Confidentiality in this state of affairs can be broken non because person ‘s life is threatened but for societal grounds. In most portion of West Africa, people act as their inhabit ‘s keeper, hence it is the responsibility of grownups to get a line a kid or striplings if they are seen indulging in harmful patterns ( hypertext switch protocol: //www.ajol.info/index.php/og/article/viewFile/57930/46296 } . As mentioned earlier, STDs are diseases of grownups non striplings hence parents mustiness be sure when their kids are seen accessing information or intervention for sexual wellness.\r\nOther grounds why striplings do non seek intervention or information for STDs is the high cost of infirmary fees which they are unable to afford. Some striplings therefore entree intervention from traditional therapists, where fees are low-cost, where they pass on non meet any of the jobs they facial expression at western type of clinics and in line with societal building of diseases. For baptistery STD was perceived as penalty from the Gods or witchery ; hence intervention must be sought from traditional therapists or the fetish priest who were seen as the oral cavity pieces of the Gods on Earth ( Nworah et al 2002 ) . Having said these, there were besides few cringle holes in the 2000 policy which can be improved upon.\r\n1.5 Loopholes in the policy/programme\r\nThe ends of the policy indicate that non merely is STDs a job among striplings but besides unwanted gestations. Broadening the range of the marks to cover SRH in general was a good thought as there may be other sexual wellness jobs scened by striplings which were non documented, but at that place should hold been specific marks for STDs and unwanted gestations as it was the focal point of the policy.\r\nAgain, marks must be clip edge, nevertheless all quadruplet marks had no clip chuck ; hence mensu rate it will be hard. For case, 20 % was mentioned in the 3rd mark but the per centum of entree to comprehensive youth friendly wellness service before the policy was non mentioned, therefore hard to mensurate accomplishment.\r\nThe policy was for stripling s in and out of school, but there was no advert of how the out of school programme was implemented, it is hence ill-defined if those out of school were exposed to the programme. It is non surprising that the rating indicated addition cognition of SRH among striplings exposed to the programme. Again, some subjects were merely taught in senior secondary while basic subjects were for junior secondary but there were no reference of which topics the juniors were taught and whether it was relevant for them. The motivation for learning several(predicate) subjects was non mentioned but this may connote that some striplings who are older but in junior secondary missed out on indispensable SRH subjects big for striplings their age.\r\n vary instructors were trained for senior schools, this once more may connote those learning in junior schools were non specialised, and speaking about SRH to striplings can be abashing for twain instructors and pupils and may impact the quality of instructi on every bit good as pupils non inquiring inquiries to evanesce uncertainties.\r\nFinally, the force per unit areas from the media, conservative politician and spiritual leaders faced the authorities to alter gender instruction to FLHE. This is a instance of people concealing butt joint faith, civilization and political relations to equalize a societal plan or else than rationally looking at the jobs approach their state.\r\nTo beef uping SRH programmes and cut down the incidence of STDs among striplings, there will be the demand to suggest programmes to better on the bing one.\r\n1.5 Proposed schemes to better programme\r\nThe purpose of the programme will be awareness run for STDs and doings alteration among striplings.\r\nThe programme will be restricted to striplings aged 11 to 24, therefore the junior and senior secondary age. This age group is chosen to acquire gracility from parents and besides to affect them, as a survey carried out by Wilson et Al in Ghana indicate t hat most parents will be unhappy for their ten twelvemonth old kid to be taught on SRH issues.\r\nTo forestall resistance to the programme, earshot will be held with parents, instructors, spiritual and corporation leaders, politicians and the media to explicate the graduated table of the job, why it is of import to learn striplings issues about STDs and SRH in general and seek their positions on the issue.\r\n other audience will besides be held with pupils ‘ representatives, community of interests and spiritual young person leaders to edify me and other sexual wellness experts on the sexual wellness demands, cognition and behavior of striplings in the state. This is important to the programme as surveies have shown that most SRH instruction programmes are affected by disused and hapless information ( relish et al 2003 ) .\r\nThe programme will affect striplings in and out of school. For those in schools, the reliable course of study would be maintained but subjects taugh t will be the same for two those in junior and senior categories to forestall the juniors seeking information from the senior category which they might non cognize and demoralize them.\r\nSpecialized instructors and SRH professionals will make the instruction to cut down the sum of embarrassment, believe to construct the assurance of instructors and pupils with clip, so that they can hold more unfastened treatment about SRH issues.\r\nIn hang on to what equal pedagogues are already making, they will besides be involved in give negotiations making seminars and runs as this is proven to be effectual ( Okonofua et al 2003 ) .\r\nFor striplings out of school, community and spiritual young person leaders will be given the same preparation as those in schools to take the function of equal pedagogues. Seminars will be organise in churches, mosque and young person assemblages within communities where equal pedagogues will be joined by specialized instructors and SRH professional to giv e negotiations on SRH issues to the young person.\r\n hearty selling will be used largely to make out to those out of school. Ads on wireless and telecasting will be done in parking lot local linguistic communications for those who are illiterate. Studies will be done to place catchment countries for striplings where function dramas and picture shows will be organised on SRH issues for them.\r\nIn add-on to these, in service seminars will be organised for wellness workers in SRH clinics. In these seminars accent will be on schemes aimed at de-stigmatising cultural perceptual experiences about STDs. This is important as surveies carried out in Kenya and Zambia suggests that nurse accoucheuses working in sexual wellness clinics did non like go toing to adolescent with STDs because they see them as promiscuous ( Warenius et al 20060 ) .\r\nHospitals will besides be advance to put a twenty-four hours or half twenty-four hours for assignments for striplings and besides do information c usps on SRH available at clinics for patients to pick and read more on SRH issues.\r\nIn audience with young person leaders and SRH experts, young person Centres will be set up with clinical countries. This is to guarantee that locations of Centres are convenient for striplings. run will include guidance, prophylactic services, STDs and relationships. The clinical country will supply diagnostic services such as seek lab and scan services and clinics will be organised twice a hebdomad for those who need medical services to be seen by wellness professionals. To do these Centres youth-friendly, both striplings and SRH professional will run the Centres.\r\nFinally, traditional therapists will be better on SRH issues and encouraged to mention patients to wellness professionals for a item. Parents will besides be encouraged to discourse SRH issues with their kids to assist dyad the spread of striplings seeking information from their equals.EvaluationEvaluation of the programme will b e ongoing at each stage of the programme to set and better on loopholes. Final rating will be carried out a twelvemonth after implementing the programme. To acquire a brooding image of the impact of the programme, hit-or-miss sampling of in and out of school striplings will be done to suspend choosing merely those exposed to the programme. Questionnaires will be used and inquiries will be asked on ; where striplings get information on SRH, barriers they face accessing SRH attention, handiness of young person Centres and service provided.\r\nIndictors will be ;\r\n10 % step-down in the Numberss of reported STDs instances among striplings.\r\nContinuous usage of societal selling schemes in the programme.\r\nSRH instruction being examinable in schools.\r\n20 % addition in striplings accessing SRH services.\r\nResult of the rating will be used to better on loopholes in the programme to accomplish the coveted result.DecisionThe SRH demands of striplings should non be over looked, as complications from these wellness issues can be significant for both persons and the authorities ( WHO, 2003 ) .\r\nAdolescents in Nigeria are said to miss equal cognition about SRH issues, but perceptual experience of people about STDs and hapless wellness installations have all contributed to the high incidence of STDs among striplings. There is the demand for a countrywide arguments on how SRH information should be disseminated to striplings and besides air the negative perceptual experiences about STDs and other SRH issues.\r\nExisting SRH installations for striplings should be improved upon both in footings of substructure and forces. The authorities should besides make the atmosphere for private domain engagement in presenting SRH plans so people can do picks. It should nevertheless, be forceful that the success or otherwise of any intercession will besides account on the willingness of people to accept it.\r\n'

'Organizational Analysis: Apple Inc. Essay\r'

'orchard apple tree Inc. is an iconic United earths technological divorcey ground in Cupertino, California. orchard apple tree is engaged in the development of universe of dis by nature ever-changing consumer electronic intersection points such a crusadeny ph unitys, music media devices, t equal to(p)ts, and either(prenominal)oneal computing machines. The some(prenominal)iance in addition sells and induces direct system softw be, peripherals and deli really(prenominal) of third-party digital content (iTunes) to consumers. orchard apple tree sells its w ars and services via it 250 U.S. and 140 international retail computer memorys ecumenic (Europe, Japan and Asia-Pacific), online stores and third-party wholesalers, retailers and resellers. As of September 29, 2012 orchard apple tree has 72,800 regular employees and 3,300 temporary employees and contractors. apple is one of the largest and nearly advance(a) companies in the populace with increased concludi ng gross revenue from $65 billion in 2010, $108 billion in 2011 and $156 billion in 2012. (orchard apple tree 10K) Two young entrepreneurs; Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak opened the c anyer in 1997.\r\nThey relied on each an another(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) contrastive strengths to propel the business forward. Wozniak was the technical know person and Jobs was the grotesque who k sunrise(prenominal) how to conceptualize the return. whiz of their early computer products was c every last(predicate)ed orchard apple tree II. The next big product that brought apple to the forefront of the computer industry was the introduction of the graduation-year Macintosh computer reveled to the humanity in 1984. orchard apple tree spent everywhere 30 million dollars on the advertising of the product, which also launched the famous and iconic television system ad that ran during the Super Bowl. Over the years the guild has survived management contests were Steve Jobs left wing the tout ensembleiance for some(prenominal) years, however was brought back 1997 to att shutd stimulate revive orchard apple tree from colou inflammation-faced stock prices and competitors. In short, chthonic Steve Jobs leadership the smart touch on shifted its steering towards making the trump innovative and unequivo c completelyy designed products Worldwide for consumers.\r\n(WPost) Structure:\r\n cheekal grammatical construction that keeps apple â€Å" viable” is funnyly different than other multinational companies, besides they fluent follow unadorned rules of a well- thing boldness. To help oneself record orchard apple tree’s edifice, we primary read to look what is the company’s end. orchard apple tree desires to be number one at creating some of the best and innovative products for consumers that brings life changing user sleep to seeher to customers. Formalization †orchard apple tree is derived from the sas welll quadrant of the CVF were they pay close tending establishment and envision the future, plainly at the similar they also engage a very embodimental mental synthesis that is racecourse in full branch-up modal value at all while and they goat still guide on part in spontaneous implements with move out the politics and red tape of linguistic rule large companies Centralization †whiz of the key driveways of apple’s corporation is that they ar a highly collaborative company that plant really well together in the determination making process, more(prenominal) all over I would also adduce they ar combination of a highly centralise and decentralized type of business.\r\nHierarchy †Consisted of Steve Jobs existence the visionary and visible leader of the company till his raw-fashioned death. The person now steering the ship is Tim Cook, who is a veteran apple employee and has been appointed several terms as stand-in CEO in the past. apple has what wo uld be opineed a tall organisational structure, further still unique because of how they foster collaboration. Complexity †a kindred(p) any large multinational company apple has an array of 10 Top Executives, Board of Directors and a CEO Tim Cook (orchard apple tree bios). Integration †apple is a highly integrated organization, plainly once once again due to how collaborative the company is, different organizational units and sub-units take up water very well together to hit the core objectives and objects of the company.\r\nLeader-Follower Relationships:\r\n apple is probably one of the best in the tech industry, even though Steve Jobs has passed a commission. â€Å"entrepreneurial leaders leave a lasting move on the structures on the organizations they bring,” which is the case with orchard apple tree be led by Tim Cook now. The management styles argon a little bit different betwixt the two men, but the revenue come declaim for themself in this si tuation. orchard apple tree’s structure allows the incumbent CEO to carry on with business as it did in the past with the exception of trying design out what would Steve Jobs do in this scenario of keeping orchard apple tree a vibrant company. Steve Jobs watched companies the homogeneouss of Walt Disney be non- fat afterwards their CEO passed away and did non pauperism that for apple, so he explained to Tim Cook â€Å" bear’t ever try to figure out what would I acquit done in a certain situation, respectable do what is right for the company” (MSNBC). I imply back this type of leader- attendant relationship transcends end-to-end the orchard apple tree organization very well.\r\nStakeholder relationships on the surface search to be in very good standings. orchard apple tree is a leader in so many slipway with making superior products; they ar number one, who doesn’t indispensableness to be a part of the orchard apple tree machine? For ex am ple, the recently opened Apple store in Grand Central Station, all forms of stakeholders ar benefiting from that deal; consumers, employees, Grand Central, New York City and so forth Multiply that by dissimilar locations around the populace and we take a shit a legal age of happy stakeholders install to follow with open ordnance all because of the structure of how Apple operates its company. Productivity and performance due the company’s organizational structure allows Apple to be number one.\r\nFor example, when netbooks were all the rage and Apple was introducing the stolon iPad and started coining the phrase we are now entering into â€Å"post-pc era,” some plurality or industries did not take that record serious, but look at the numbers now. 95% of all web traffic from tablets are from iPads and it is exactly increasing every year (AllthingsD). The benefit and constitute of the accepted structure is very evident all over the world, e pickyly when Apple has a new product launch. It’s like a rage following (in a good way). For example, citizenry start lining up all over the world; to get their hands on whatever product is being released; online sales via Apples website ordain start to sustain a 3 to 4 weeks backorder on products because they are in such high demand. Basi shout outy the current structure allows Apple to achieve high net sales on all products being sub and keeps their position as number one consumer product seller in the world.\r\n shade\r\nAt Apple, the elaborate finis was control by a re directment for new products with no end to gainsays and opportunities. Apple became the lead up of the â€Å"Work Hard Play Hard” ethic. The incorporated elaboration at Apple was exemplified by its wild rick ethics. Al though it’s take shape environment was relaxed and casual, there was a very backbreaking commitment to company deadlines. Apple was based on an idea that self-motivated individu als will work harder if they do not have a boss micromanaging every action. This unique structure of Apple had allowed it to grow and react much promptly to changes than its competitors like IBM and Microsoft. The reason Apple took action to a quick responsiveness, is that it was much easier to get a debarf started if there\r\nare only a few people to obtain approval from. One view of Apple’s leader follower relationship can be explained by how quickly Apple initially grew. Due to the talent to have employees make stopping points at the lowest possible level.\r\n bodily headquarters made policy and oversaw all activities, but the local employees made the day-to-day decisions in countries all over the world. This type of top-down philosophy allowed for quick responsiveness and resolutions to situations without involving the corporate headquarters, thus negateing corporate red tape. Analysts have been known to summarize the work refining at Apple as fun, yet demanding. â€Å"Culture helps focus individual effort directly on achieving the organization’s objectives.” (Greenwald, P207) The Apple experience as a stakeholder has always been to the highest degree the user experience not well(p) the technology, even though the majority of the market didn’t care close to that Apple wanted to be different. Apple is a company that is in the business of making markets vs. addressing markets.\r\nThe Apple egotism is a precept that it is the best company in the world and it should carry itself that way, all its lenders, employees, software designers and customers understand its ego and for those who don’t like it found out it has become a call to arms for all of the company’s stakeholders. Another way to view Apple is that it doesn’t ask people what they aim but gives them products they decide they want. Think some a simple question, does anyone need an iPhone or iPad? non really, but a lot of people seem to w ant them. Apple’s culture is based on some basic facts that really drive its productivity performance. It is a vertical integration company where most of technology is developed in shack for its key products and it will have key advantages over other less vertically integrated companies and Apple makes â€Å"cool” products. Attention to design and feature, fit and shoemakers last really distinguishes Apple’s products from competitors.\r\nThe iPod was not the first digital music player and the iPhone was not the first smart phone and the iPad is not the first movable computing device. scarcely having differentiated business models where Apple develops and innovates products with key features like the iPod+iTunes and iPhone+App Store provides a slopped competitive advantage, where this process makes it difficult for competitors to match what Apple is producing in a seasonable fashion. Apples culture produces and offers very clear and simple set of products. \r\nIt’s lei authoritatively to understand the differences between their products, product families and the various configurations where many other companies complicate things unnecessarily. Apple’s employees had to run their own show and work in a challenging and seminal environment. Apple adopted a style that was not too ball or hierarchical and a more results-driven approach, which worked best for them. Apple fostered a culture of privateness. The demand for absolute secrecy and insistence on control were infused into the company culture right from the beginning. â€Å"My job is to not be elementary on people. My job is to make them better.”(Steve Jobs, 2010)\r\n pitying fashion\r\nThe understanding of the human behavior at the Apple organization has truly shaped its design, structure, function and culture by the following points. * Apple employees understand that a key internal emphasis at the company is that it cares about the design of its products m ore than any other unfluctuating in the market, unlike Microsoft who has done a poor job of creating aesthetically pleasing products. Apple’s focus on design shows it understands what consumers want and how to meet those needs and desires, and it sets out to have words any and all prognosiss. The pres true falls onto an employee who doesn’t help the company meet those needs they may end up with another company sooner than freshr. * Apple is known to do everything differently; therefore employees need to forget what they ever knew about the technology world. Whether it’s the design of products, system for developing ideas for new products or the way it handles data everything is different at Apple.\r\nEmployees who function similar to a past employer is a slip that could cause trouble indoors the rank and file. * Apple takes it flaws to heart and identifyens when it hears people criticize its products. They respond with firm tone and harsh statements in w ays that other companies in the industry would not dare to replicate. Apple doesn’t like being told that it’s wrong. * Apple will never admit defeat no matter how badly its products are getting beaten. The company seems to find ways of turning itself around and out of the hole with an right strategies business action that saves the day. nowhere is that more evident than in the computing market.\r\nWith the results that Apple is fit record profits. * Apple understands attention to detail is key dodge that will pay off in the long run. Apple goes that extra cubic centimetre which has become a staple of the company’s vision and it’s something that it expects from its employees. * Apple’s focus on technology domination worldwide is everything that the late Steve Jobs aspired to be. It was his ultimate goal to not only repugn with his competitors in the all the markets his company competes in but rather destroy them. He wanted to make it clear to the world that his company was the best and would beat them all. At apple he established a culture that would help him achieve his legacy.\r\nCommunication and decision making styles\r\nWe know that the form of communion inwardly an organization is directly reflective of its structure. Information is genic through and through with(predicate) diverse methods such as speech, writing, symbols, and torso language. (Greenwald, Organizations; counselling without controls, 2008) At Apple, conference is what they sell and what they welcome. â€Å"Whether or not you as an Apple employee choose to create or participate in a blog, wiki, online exciseionate network or any other form of online publishing or discussion is your own choice. In general, what you do on your own time is your business. However, activities that affect your job performance, the performance of other Apple employees, or Apple’s business interests are still covered by company policies and guidelines. This appl ies whether you engage in these activities in or outside of work, and whether or not you identify yourself as an Apple employee.” (Heath, Alex, 2012)\r\nIt is clear that Apple knows that it is to protect itself from the very creative minds it cultivates. This policy leaves no room for unnecessary overlap. Business is business and that is what matters.\r\nâ€Å"Apple runs an extremely tight ship, with tiny product groups; secure two engineers were given the task of writing the compute to convert the Safari browser to run on the iPad, a task that on its face seems like a huge under taking that other companies such as Microsoft or Google might have wedded dozens of people to.” (The Dictatorship, 12) Apple, as a formal organization has had a long history of capturing light leaders. The previous excerpt is from an article, which also describes the gathering of deoxycytidine monophosphate exclusive employees. They were not all at same pay grade and or security clearances but they could be trusted to keep dates and products a hole-and-corner(a) as well as to give their honest opinions.\r\nâ€Å"Every executive action, product or project has a â€Å"DRI” †directly answerable individual †who carries the can (or laurels) for its outcome.” (Heath, Alex, 2012) â€Å"The creative process at Apple is one of constantly preparing someone †be it one’s boss, boss’s boss, or oneself †for a introduction to Jobs,” keeps Adam Lashinsky, who calls him â€Å"a corporate dictator who makes every critical decision †and oddles of seemingly noncritical calls too”. (Heath, Alex, 2012) While Apple does subscribe to what may be considered a ‘normal’ type of policy and set of norms, we often learn of the overlapping, dictator-ran, bully-driven ship that shines through in their product releases and market bravado.\r\nObservations:\r\nOur observations of Apple employees are hold to Apple Store ® employees. Although we have included various reports and accounts of encounters between Steve Jobs and other executives, we find it necessary to oppose the culture levels on the outer bands of this grand organization. evanescent by the Apple Store in any mall, it is apparent how different the selling atmosphere is. The products are all sprawled out for customers to play with and engage in. at that place is nearly a 1:1 provide/customer ratio. They have a â€Å"genius bar” where any consumer holding a MAC product can bring their device to for service. The environment is alive and vibrant. These geniuses are the face of the company to the everyday employee and they are raised and bread by Apple. They are taught talk styles, they are integrated into the norms and values of the Apple check and they execute a marketing and sales strategy that benefits the customers and the company.\r\nThis is done through communicatory dialogue, non-verbal converse and exemplary co mmunication. The inviolate store is a symbol of Apple. The gentility manual for the Apple Genius explicitly trains the employees on nonverbal queues and communications to control each fundamental interaction (Biddle, 2012). Apple Inc. executives could teach a PhD level movement in human behavior and how to influence. It. Just as with any other product or organization, volume levels are pushed if we don’t pay special attention to how we grow our business. In the early stages, Apple was more of a novelty and so could pass on to hire ‘like’ minds to mind their storefronts.\r\nHaving to expand its numbers in an effort to combat other retailers for sales, Apple has had to let in a second ground level of mildly interested individuals who would be just as happy work for Geek squad® at BestBuy® or any other tech driven retail outlet. The promise of â€Å"first dib’s” and other benefits are now comparable to family discounts received throughout t he malls. This is not only acceptable but it is a welcomed change in personnel type for Apple®. The dictatorship can freely set plans for stores without deplorable about everyone trying to become the next ‘Steve Jobs’.\r\n while 2 †squad up Analysis\r\nTeam makeup:\r\nThe group appointee was posted to the module 3 group assignment, but did not clearly state who the aggroups were comprised of. In an effort to be proactive and to get started on creating a squad, Jim reached out to the entire conformation to try and obtain volunteers to work as a team to complete the assignment. Team member volunteers emailed Jim expressing their interest. cardinal minutes after his initial email, our team was form. ab initio the team consisted of Jim Fiorino, Amber Winters, Jason Shanks, Khari Clarendon, Kevin Connolly, and Michael Keys.\r\nShortly after we formed this team, Dr. Kymn clarified team assignments and sent out communication to the class helping to bring cl arity to the assignment. Dr. Kymn recognize our volunteer formed team, minus Kevin who had previously left our class. The team formed is a formal organization, working and communicating with each other according to standardised patterns recognizable by everyone (Greenwald, 2008) as students under the large group we all belong to, the Empire State MBA program.\r\nThe team selection process reflected our coursework in our Human Systems and Behavior class, as well as preceding class work specialally Competing Values economic consumption model (CVF). Our team has aerated itself with finding the perfect equilibrise to the 4 quadrants of the CVF, COLLABORATE, CREATE, COMPETE and CONTROL. The entire team is a group of independent and busy individuals who are all focused on completing the assignment on time, and making sure that we all contribute as to the assignment given. Team members concord to be elastic and focused in this process with the ultimate goal in site, a prospered organizational analysis.\r\nOrganization Selection Process:\r\nA list of companies was suggested via course email by Michael Keys and was sent to the team for consideration. The list included The Apple Store, Home Depot, Target, Macy’s, and Gap stores. through and through email discussions, it was decided by consensus that the group would break apart Apple stores. Mike in the role of team liaison, texted Dr. Kymn with our result, and our selection was approved. Self managing teams are be as groups of workers assign the responsibility for making decisions over the elan in which work will be carried out, setting schedules, assigning individuals to perform specific functions, and evaluating members’ performance (Greenwald, Organizations. Management Without Control, 2008). This is a true example of our team, we all need to manage our own time and make decisions that are going to support the timelines discussed on our conference call and complete the specific assignment s (specific functions) described earlier.\r\nTeam Roles and Tasks\r\nRoles course specify themselves as our team members learned more about each other. Jim’s initial outreach to the entire class identified him as our team’s natural LEADER and PROJECT MANAGER. He was charged with keeping the team on task, on time and on topic. He also promoted positive and timely communication, key to the success of any organization. Our group by nature, is limited to purely verbal/written communication in our virtual learning environment. This communication mode is characterized by use of words and numbers. Verbal communication has clear advantages over other modes for the exchange of view messages. Transmission of data is always a verbal process (Greenwald, 2008).\r\nAmber took on the role of editor and PROOFREADER. A major challenge of the approach our team took to writing this paper was creating it in five voices. The role of editor is important to put the paper in one voice. Sh e also is liable for critical reviewing the paper of grammar and typos. The team members overlap a few rough-cut roles. We all played the role of TEAM MEMBER, RESEARCHER and WRITER. By assigning sections to each team member, we were individually responsible for researching our portion. Following the compilation of our research, we were each independently responsible for writing our 2 page section.\r\nTeam Responsibilities:\r\n subsequently agreeing on the organization to analyze, Jim reached out to the team and we agreed to have a conference call on Sunday declination 9th to discuss next travel and to assign the work. Prior to the call Mike had sent out an email stating that he had already blameless sections A & B of part 2, which was a great way to get everyone motivated on getting this assignment realized early.\r\nDuring the conference call, the work was split up among the team. Mike already completed A & B, Jason was assigned C & D, Khari was assigned E & F, and Amber was assigned G. Jim volunteered to take all of part two, the team analysis. During this showdown it was agreed that all team members would try and write two pages on their sections to meet the minimum assignment target of ten pages if the content. We agreed that each of our sections were to be completed by Wednesday night and emailed to Jim all of our work can be consolidate and sent over to Amber to allow her time to complete her part of the assignment. During this conference call we all agreed that we will regroup on Wednesday December 12th, to make sure that we are all complete with our sections and to seek assistance if needed.\r\nTeam Outcomes:\r\nOur thriving organization, role structure and communication allowed our team to be productive and successful. There were no disagreements or run afoul and we all agreed that we want to complete the assignment early, but be successful in doing so. The entire team worked collaboratively with good discussions through pos itive verbal communication. .\r\nAll of us make dod in ideas and agreed on a time commitment and schedule. People who are collaborative share the same objectives, mutual and equal contributions, and a sense impression of collectivity among the group, producing a work environment that is free of conflict and tension (Cameron, Quinn, Degraff, & Thakor, 2006). Our two page sections were all emailed to our TEAM LEADER on time. He unite them and sent them to Amber for review and editing and for the synopsis to be completed. All team members met their obligations as agreed.\r\nTeam Assessment:\r\nOur team can be defined as a high performance team. A high-performance team can be defined as a group of people with specific roles and complementary talents and skills, aligned with and committed to a common purpose, which consistently show high levels of collaboration and renewing that produce superior results. (Hanlan, 2004). The high-performance team has individuals who are highly ski lled and are able to interchange their roles and are flexible. Our team operated in this exact musical mode and had positive outcomes. By definition, this is a good explanation of our team. Teams that are successful translate their common purpose into specific, measurable, and realistic performance goals. Specific goals facilitate clear communication and help teams maintain their focus on obtaining results (Robbins & Judge, 2009).\r\nOur time lines that we discussed on the conference call set clear goals and challenged the group to make sure that we left enough time for Amber to review the work and complete her section. Difficult goals have been found to raise the performance of team members especially to avoid letting down another member of the team (Robbins & Judge, 2009). Forming teams is almost always more productive than having people work by themselves (Cameron, Quinn, Degraff, & Thakor, 2006). This is very true when you have a team like ours that was very collab orative throughout the entire process. Because we were able to work independently, we are able to bring our own ideas to our assigned sections. Many new ideas come from individuals being given the time and resources and allowed to work apart from the normal activities of the organization (Cameron, Quinn, Degraff, & Thakor, 2006)\r\nTeam Grade:\r\nAs a team, we have agreed that our work qualifies for a minimum of an A-. We completed the project as assigned. It is our belief we met the challenge of this project by applying the tools of this class successfully. by organization, structure, communication, role defining and proactivity, we were able to avoid conflict and complete this project on time and in good quality. Our established set of norms that exist within the graduate structure of this class set a good base for the team members to start from. Our team led the class in team cosmos before the professor was able to clarify the approach. We consider ourselves leaders. We are sure the paper isn’t perfect, no product from any working team is. But what it IS, is a successful compilation of teamwork.\r\nSUMMARY:\r\nApple Inc. is a perfect company to analyze through the human behavior lens because their founders understood and organize their company with human behavior in mind. They considered their people and the behaviors that were sought after, but they also pay close attention to the consumers and their behaviors. Jobs maintained a company by building a structure, culture, set of norms and values that fostered creativity. He was a genius of people and technology. Jobs did this at apple under 7 rules of success (his norms/values). recipe one is passion, because most people fail because they don’t distinguish what they do. Rule number two is build a team of great people, success hinges on the ability to identify talent and the know how of building successful teams. Rule number three is vision. One moldiness never lose sight of the big pic ture. Rule number four is creativity; you have to think outside of the box in business and in practice. Rule number five is to learn to swear no more often.\r\nIt’s all about the power of focus. Rule number six is help customers reach their dreams. If you don’t solve a problem, if you don’t accomplish a dream, you don’t have a business. Finally, work on your marketing message (communication externally). Trumpet your success and suffer it in a way people want to hear about it. Don’t be the norm or fill the status quo. (Gallo, 14 O) Steve Jobs says â€Å"Apple is an incredible collaborative company.” Did you know that? Do you by chance know how many committees they have at Apple? ZERO! Teamwork is key to Apple. Teamwork, in terms of trusting that people that will impart what they committed to without watching them all the time. Jobs set up a training environment that taught his people about people and how to interact with them and get them to achieve the desired result (sales).\r\nThere is a cult like following not only because of the quality of product, but because of the great care the leaders at Apple took to create and maintain their company in a way that considers (and possibly manipulates) human behavior. Recommendations for Apple Inc. are a bit more complex. With Jobs passing, Tim Cook is just starting to get his feet wet in running and driving the company. Consumers and employees have a high expectation for apple. In terms of structure and communication, roles and culture, it seems Apple is a leader.\r\nIt will continue to be important for Apple to define that fine line between taking advantage of their knowledge of human behavior and manipulating it for strictly gain. Their technology has also been a leader in the industry. However they have many competitors who are transmitted up and arguably, surpassing them. The question will be how so they stay ahead and keep their creative people happy. It may require a new out of the box thinking. With new leadership in Cook, it is likely that there will be changes. He will have to establish himself with his people and his consumers who so loved his predecessor.\r\nReferences\r\nCameron, K. S., Quinn, R. E., Degraff, J., & Thakor, A. V. (2006). Competing Values Leadership. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. Greenwald, H. P. (2008). Organizations. Management Without Control. special K Oaks: Sage. Hanlan, M. (2004). High Performance Teams. Westport: Praeger Publishers. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Organizational Behavior. fastness Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. All Things D. (2012, May 25). restless devices now make up about 20 percent of U.S. web traffice. Retrieved from AllthingsD.com: http://allthingsd.com/20120525/mobile-devices-now-make-up-about-20-percent-of-u-s-web-traffic/ Apple. (2012, December 9). Apple extort Info. Retrieved from Apple.com: http://www.apple.com/pr/bios/ Apple Inc. (2012, December 9). Invest ors Relaitons. Retrieved from Apple.com: http://investor.apple.com/financials.cfm MSNBC. (2012, December 7). vibrate Center †Apple CEO on challenge of keeping company cutting edge. Retrieved from Video.msnbc: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/rock-center/50112247#50112247 Washington Post. (2012, December 9). Apple: A history of one of the world’s most valuable companies. Retrieved from Washingtonpost.com: http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/ prudence/apple-a-history-of-one-of-the-worlds-most-valuable-companies/2012/02/29/gIQA1VFVmR_gallery.html#photo=1 Don Reisinger (2010) Apple’s Corporate Culture: 10 Lessons for Staying in Steve Good Graces, Enterprise IT Technology News, retrieved from: http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/Apples-Corporate-Culture-10-Lessons-for-Staying-in-Steve-Jobs-Good-Graces-825505/\r\n'